Volumetric glassware, such as graduated cylinders and volumetric pipettes, should be used to measure liquid volumes. Always used the smallest volumetric glassware possible for the volume being measured. If you are dispensing a liquid, ensure that the glassware is for dispensing the precise volume.
Round-bottom flasks are used to perform reactions under high heat or vacuum because the round shape is more resistant to cracking. They also provide more uniform heating or cooling than Erlenmeyer flasks.
Gravity filtration uses the force of gravity to separate solids from liquids. The solution is simply poured through a funnel containing a filter paper. Vacuum filtration utilizes a vacuum to pull the liquid through the filter paper. Vacuum filtration requires using a Büchner funnel and vacuum flask setup.
Bunsen burners are not used in the organic chemistry lab because most organic compounds and solvents are flammable.
Reflux is used when a reaction must remain heated at a certain temperature in order to proceed. The reflux setup utilizes a condenser that turns gaseous vapor back into the liquid phase, which prevents the loss of solvent due to evaporation.
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