Abstract Introduction Working memory is critical for optimal development of academic and occupational functions, and its deterioration is associated with mental health issues. Exercise-based interventions have emerged as a prominent strategy to enhance cognitive functions and improve mental health. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of both acute and chronic physical exercise on working memory in the context of cognitive and experimental psychology. Methods Participants (73 adults aged between 18 and 65 years) performed appraisal tests on working memory based on image recovery (Test 1) and decision-making on verbal mathematical operations (Test 2), with the experimental group performing one-hour intense functional training (acute exercise) immediately before. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification based on weekly chronic exercise was also used for categorization of participants. Results The results show that both types of physical activity positively affect cognition. Chronic exercise favored all aspects of working memory (verbal mathematical operations and decision making; p-value = 0.014; pη2 = 0.081//image recovery; p-value = 0.033; pη2 = 0.062), while acute exercise only favored those related to image recovery (p-value = 0.007; pη2 = 0.099). Conclusion To enhance working memory, it is recommended that both companies and educational centers promote both types of physical exercise. For future research, in addition to increasing the sample size, it would be beneficial to vary the length of training as well as the difficulty of the assessment tests. Keywords: exercise, working memory, chronic exercise, acute exercise, cognition, high-intensity functional training
摘要简介工作记忆对于学术和职业职能的最佳发展至关重要，其恶化与心理健康问题有关。基于运动的干预措施已成为增强认知功能并改善心理健康的重要策略。这项研究的目的是在认知和实验心理学的背景下分析急性和慢性体育锻炼对工作记忆的影响。方法参与者（73名18至65岁年龄段的成年人）根据图像恢复（测试1）和言语数学操作（测试2）进行了对工作记忆的评估测试（测试2），而实验组进行了一小时的激烈功能训练（急性练习）。基于每周慢性运动的世界卫生组织（WHO）分类也用于参与者的分类。结果结果表明，两种体育活动都积极影响认知。慢性运动偏爱工作记忆的各个方面（语言数学操作和决策； p值= 0.014;pη2= 0.081 //图像恢复； p-value = 0.033;pη2= 0.062），而急性锻炼只有与图像恢复有关的那些（p-value = 0.007; p p-value = 0.007;pη2= 0.099）。结论为了增强工作记忆，建议公司和教育中心促进两种体育锻炼。对于将来的研究，除了增加样本量外，改变培训的时间和评估测试的难度将是有益的。关键词：锻炼，工作记忆，慢性运动，急性运动，认知，高强度功能训练
Funding Statement The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article.
资金声明作者宣布，未收到本文研究和/或出版的财政支持。
Data availability statement The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because they could compromise the privacy of research participants according to the Ethical Committee of the URJC. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author Eva Borrega-Alonso: eva.borrega@urjc.es.
数据可用性声明本文中介绍的数据集不容易获得，因为根据URJC的道德委员会，它们可能会损害研究参与者的隐私。访问数据集的请求应针对相应的作者Eva Borrega-Alonso：eva.borrega@urjc.es。
Ethics statement The studies involving humans were approved by Ethics Committee Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
道德声明涉及人类的研究得到了道德委员会雷伊·胡安·卡洛斯（Rey Juan Carlos）的批准。研究是根据当地立法和机构要求进行的。参与者提供了书面知情同意，以参加这项研究。
Author contributions EB-A: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Visualization, Data curation, Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. FO: Investigation, Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Supervision, Visualization.
作者贡献EB-A：写作 - 原始草案，调查，可视化，数据策划，概念化，验证，正式分析，写作 - 评论和编辑，方法论。FO：调查，概念化，写作 - 评论和编辑，写作 - 原始草案，方法论，正式分析，数据策划，验证，监督，可视化。
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
利益冲突作者宣称，这项研究是在没有任何商业或财务关系的情况下进行的，这些关系可能被解释为潜在的利益冲突。
Generative AI statement The author(s) declare that no Gen AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
生成的AI陈述作者宣布，在创建本手稿中没有使用Gen AI。
Publisher’s note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
发行者的注释本文中表达的所有主张仅是作者的声明，不一定代表其附属组织或出版商，编辑和审稿人的索赔。在本文中可以评估的任何产品，或者可能由其制造商可能提出的索赔。
