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VLA 6 GHz image of Abell 2744. The shaded regions indicate the area covered by the DUALZ Survey uv-tapered image. The cyan contour outlines the JWST footprint from the UNCOVER survey, while the yellow contour marks the HST footprint from the same survey. Green circles and numbers denote the positions and short IDs of the radio sources detected in the study. Credit: arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2506.20634
Abell 2744的VLA 6 GHz图像。阴影区域指示DUALZ调查紫外线图像的区域。青色轮廓概述了《发现调查》中的JWST足迹，而黄色轮廓标志着同一调查的HST足迹。绿色圈子和数字表示研究中检测到的无线电源的位置和短ID。学分：Arxiv（2025）。doi：10.48550/arxiv.2506.20634
Using the Very Large Array (VLA), astronomers have performed radio observations of a galaxy cluster Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's Cluster. As a result, they obtained the deepest high-resolution radio image of this cluster, which provides more insights into its properties. The new findings were published June 25 on the arXiv pre-print server.
使用非常大的阵列（VLA），天文学家对星系集群Abell 2744进行了无线电观测，并被昵称为Pandora的集群。结果，他们获得了该集群的最深高分辨率无线电图像，该图像提供了更多的见解。新发现于6月25日在ARXIV预印服务器上发布。
Galaxy clusters contain up to thousands of galaxies and are the largest structures in the universe that are self-bound by their own gravity. Observations show that galaxy clusters generally form as a result of mergers and grow by accreting sub-clusters.
星系簇最多包含数千个星系，并且是宇宙中最大的结构，它们是自身的重力。观察结果表明，星系簇通常是合并而形成的，并通过积累子群体来生长。
Abell 2744 is a massive X-ray galaxy cluster located some four billion light years away from the Earth. The cluster has a virial mass of about 740 trillion solar masses and showcases a strong central halo, along with an extended tail.
Abell 2744是一个巨大的X射线星系集群，距离地球约40亿光年。该簇的病毒质量约为740万亿个太阳能，并展示了一个强大的中央光环，并延伸了尾巴。
Pandora's Cluster has been a target of several observational programs at multiple radio and millimeter wavelengths with different angular resolutions and sensitivities, reaching a resolution of 3.5 by 3.5 arcseconds with a sensitivity of approximately 100 mJy/beam.
潘多拉（Pandora）的群集一直是具有不同角度分辨率和敏感性的多个无线电和毫米波长的几个观测程序的目标，达到了3.5 x 3.5 x 3.5弧秒的分辨率，灵敏度约为100 mjy/beam。
Now, a team of astronomers led by Esteban A. Orozco of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, reports that they managed to obtain a better quality radio image of this cluster.
现在，由墨西哥国家自治大学的Esteban A. Orozco领导的一个天文学家团队报告说，他们设法获得了该集群的更好质量的无线电图像。
"With an rms [root-mean-square] noise of ≈ 1 µJy/beam, at the phase center, and sub-arcsec angular resolution (θ 1/2 = 0′′.82), this is the deepest and most detailed radio image of Abell 2744 ever obtained," the researchers wrote in the paper.
研究人员在本文中写道：“使用RMS（root-square]噪声为≈1µjy/beam，在相中中心，以及sub-arcsec角度分辨率（θ1/2= 0''.82），这是Abell 2744的最深，最详细的无线电图像。”
The observations detected 93 radio sources in Pandora's Cluster, out of which 46 have optical or near-infrared counterparts. The vast majority of them (88) appear to be point-like sources, while five of them turned out to be extended or multi-component sources.
观察结果检测到潘多拉集群中的93个无线电来源，其中46个具有光学或近红外对应物。他们中的绝大多数（88）似乎是类似点的来源，而其中五个是扩展或多组分来源。
According to the paper, the identified sources are galaxies with a median effective radius of 6,550 light years and stellar masses spanning from 660,000 to 160 billion solar masses. The median star formation rate for these galaxies was found to be approximately 1.9 solar masses per year, while the median flux density was measured to be 15.6 µJy/beam.
根据该论文，确定的来源是中位有效半径为6,550光年的星系，占地660,000至1600亿个太阳能块的星系。这些星系的中值每年约为1.9太阳能，而中位通量密度为15.6 µjy/beam。
Moreover, the astronomers detected nine active galactic nuclei (AGN) candidates in the cluster. They calculated that the AGN fraction for the Pandora's Cluster is at a level of 10–20%, which is consistent with the value of 14% derived from simulations and models.
此外，天文学家检测到集群中的九个活性银河核（AGN）候选物。他们计算出，潘多拉群集的AGN分数为10–20％，这与来自仿真和模型的14％的值一致。
The study found that the Pandora's Cluster upper limit to the radio luminosity at 6.0 GHz is 4.1 duodecillion erg/s. The astronomers estimate that the cluster has a radio spectral index of approximately 0.7.
研究发现，潘多拉（Pandora）在6.0 GHz时对无线电发光度的簇上限为4.1 duodecillion erg/s。天文学家估计该群集的无线电光谱指数约为0.7。
The authors of the paper have also conducted a search for radio counterparts of the so-called"little red dots" (LRD) galaxies as part of the study. In general, LRDs are compact galaxies with red optical colors and even broad hydrogen-alpha emission lines, suggesting the presence of type I AGNs. However, the researchers found no radio counterparts of these galaxies in the VLA data.
本文的作者还搜索了所谓的“小红点”（LRD）星系的无线电对应物。通常，LRD是带有红色光学色的紧凑型星系，甚至是宽阔的氢α发射线，表明存在I型AGN。但是，研究人员在VLA数据中没有发现这些星系的无线电对应物。
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More information: Esteban A. Orozco et al, The VLA Frontier Fields Survey: A 6GHz High-resolution Radio Survey of Abell 2744, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2506.20634 Journal information: arXiv
更多信息：Esteban A. Orozco等人，VLA边境领域调查：Abell 2744，Arxiv（2025）的6GHz高分辨率无线电调查。doi：10.48550/arxiv.2506.20634期刊信息：arxiv
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