Scholars’ studies of glacier changes in the Karakoram region have found that there is an abnormal mass increase in the Karakoram glaciers [ 3 26 ], but there is still no clear or consistent understanding of the process of change, the mechanism of occurrence, and the possible disaster risk. In this study, the characterization of Karakoram glacier anomalies in western HMA is systematically sorted, mainly by the glacier area, elevation change, mass balance and glacier surge, and the possible mechanisms are analyzed.
学者对卡拉科姆地区冰川变化的研究发现，卡拉科姆冰川的质量异常增加[3 26]，但仍然对变化过程，发生机制以及可能的灾难风险仍然没有明确或一致的了解。在这项研究中，西部HMA中喀拉科姆冰川异常的表征是系统地分类的，主要是通过冰川面积，高程变化，质量平衡和冰川激增，并分析了可能的机制。
HMA (25° N to 46° N, 67° E to 103° E) is a group of high mountains and plateaus centered on the Tibetan Plateau in the middle of Asia [ 13 ]. With an average elevation of more than 4000 m ( Figure 1 ), HMA extends from the Tien Shan Mountains in the north to the southern edge of the Himalayas and the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains in the south, from the Tien Shan and the Pamir-Alai Mountains in the west to the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau to the western part of the Qilian Mountains and the Loess Plateau in the east. HMA is characterized by the Tibetan Plateau, the Pamir Plateau, the Tien Shan, the Qilian Shan, the Kunlun Shan, the Hengduan Shan, the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and the Hindu Kush [ 13 15 ]. HMA has the largest number of glaciers (95,500) and the largest amount of ice reserves (7021.82 × 10km), except for the polar regions [ 16 19 ], and glacier meltwater can supply downstream irrigation for agriculture and municipal water supply, which affects the production and life of approximately 2 billion people [ 20 21 ]. The average elevation of the Karakoram Mountains exceeds 5500 m. Its location in the northwestern part of the Tibetan Plateau makes it the second highest mountain range in the world. Its mountain range is located in the water vapor corridor of the Indian Ocean monsoon, with a westerly circulation, and precipitation is relatively abundant in the mountains [ 22 ]. At the same time, the Karakoram Mountains also developed the most intensive mountain glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions, and the glacial meltwater produced by them, as an important water resource in the upper reaches of the Indus River, provides sufficient sustenance for the local population and is of great significance for production and life [ 23 ].
HMA（25°N至46°N，67°E至103°E）是一组高山，高原为中心，位于亚洲中部的藏族高原上[13]。HMA的平均海拔高度超过4000 m（图1），从北部的Tien Shan山脉延伸到喜马拉雅山脉的南部边缘，南部的亨格杜安山脉的南部从Tien Shan和Pamir-Alai山脉的西部到西藏山脉的东部边缘，到Qilian Mountauh山脉的东部边缘。HMA的特征是藏族高原，帕米尔高原，Tien Shan，Qilian Shan，Kunlun Shan，Hengduan Shan，Himalayas，Karakoram和Hindu Kush [13 15]。HMA的冰川数量最多（95,500），除了极地区域[16 19]，冰储量最多（7021.82×10km），冰川融合可以为农业和市政供水提供下游灌溉，这会影响生产和生产和生命，从而影响约210 21 21 21 21 21]。卡拉科姆山脉的平均海拔高于5500 m。它在藏族高原西北部的位置使其成为世界第二高的山脉。它的山脉位于印度洋季风的水蒸气走廊中，西风循环，山区的降水相对丰富[22]。同时，卡拉科姆山（Karakoram Mountains）也开发了藏族高原及其周边地区最密集的山地冰川，以及它们生产的冰川融水，作为印度河上游上游的重要水资源，为当地人口提供了足够的维持，对生产和生产具有重要意义[23]。
Increased global warming has led to an overall rapid retreat trend of glaciers in High Mountains Asia (HMA) [ 1 ]. However, relevant studies have shown that glacier changes in some regions of Karakoram, Pamir, and West Kunlun in HMA are relatively stable and even have a positive balance of mass, which is more prominent in Karakoram and is referred to by academics as the Karakoram anomaly [ 2 4 ]. Farinotti [ 5 ] found the following two distinctive features through his study of glacial anomalies in Karakoram: the presence of a large number of surging glaciers and a glacier in a weakly positive mass balance. The Karakoram anomaly refers to the fact that in the late 20th century, when most of the glaciers in the world were retreating and thinning, the glaciers in the Karakoram region showed a stable or weakly advancing thickening trend, and a large number of glacier surge events occurred compared to other areas in HMA [ 3 6 ]. This phenomenon is also manifested to varying degrees in eastern Pamir and the western Kunlun [ 7 8 ]. The existence of a large number of surging glaciers makes the ice body collapse, blocking rivers, thus inducing the emergence of natural disasters such as glacial lake outbursts, floods, mudslides, and other natural disasters, which cause incalculable losses to human production and life [ 9 11 ]. The west branch of the Krajayilak Glacier on the east side of Gongge Jubei Peak in Xinjiang experienced a leap on 17 April 2015, with the glacier advancing 12 km rapidly forward, and the leaping ice body overtopping the lateral moraine ridge on the northwest side caused damage to 61 herdsmen’s houses in Aktau County, burying pastureland and killing livestock [ 12 ]. Therefore, glacier surging, a special phenomenon of glacier change, has attracted widespread attention from all walks of life.
全球变暖的增加导致亚洲高山（HMA）的冰川总体快速撤退趋势[1]。但是，相关的研究表明，HMA的Karakoram，Pamir和West Kunlun的某些地区的冰川变化相对稳定，甚至具有正质量平衡，在Karakoram中更为突出，学者称为Karakoram Anomomaly [2 4]。Farinotti [5]通过研究Karakoram中的冰川异常的研究发现了以下两个独特的特征：存在大量激增的冰川和冰川以弱积极的质量平衡。卡拉科姆异常指的是，在20世纪后期，当世界上大多数冰川正在撤退和变薄时，卡拉科姆地区的冰川显示出稳定或弱的增厚趋势，并且与HMA中的其他区域相比，发生了许多冰川涌动事件[3 6]。在东部帕米尔和西部昆伦[7 8]中，这种现象也以不同程度的不同程度表现出来。存在大量涌动的冰川的存在使冰塌陷，阻塞河流，从而诱发自然灾害的出现，例如冰川湖爆发，洪水，泥石流和其他自然灾害，这会损失人类的生产和生命[9 11]。The west branch of the Krajayilak Glacier on the east side of Gongge Jubei Peak in Xinjiang experienced a leap on 17 April 2015, with the glacier advancing 12 km rapidly forward, and the leaping ice body overtopping the lateral moraine ridge on the northwest side caused damage to 61 herdsmen’s houses in Aktau County, burying pastureland and killing livestock [ 12 ].因此，冰川涌动是冰川变化的一种特殊现象，引起了各行各业的广泛关注。
In this study, three sets of data were used for the glacier elevation change [ 30 ], glacier mass balance change [ 31 ], and the number of surge glaciers in HMA [ 32 ]. The elevation and mass balance data processed by ArcGIS 10.8 software were 1° × 1° grid point data, and the number by category option under the Multiple Attributes of the Symbol System in the Layer Attribute tool of ArcGIS was selected to classify the elevation and mass balance data into 35 categories and 30 categories, and the rate of change of elevation in HMA from 2000 to 2019 and the evolutionary trend of mass balance in HMA from 2000 to 2016 were finally obtained. The surging glacier was processed using ArcGIS is the dataset of the surging glacier in HMA from 1972 to 2019, which includes a total of five data files, and three data files are used in this study: (1) STG_HMA.shp is the data file of the HMA that had a surging event in the study period; (2) HMA_regionshape.shp is the vector data of subregions in HMA that had surging events during the study period; and (3) Attributes of STG.xlsx is the attribute information file of the surging glaciers in HMA that had surging events during the study period, which contains the basis for judging the surging events. Finally, the distribution of glacier surging in HMA from 1972 to 2019 is obtained.
在这项研究中，将三组数据用于冰川高度变化[30]，冰川质量平衡变化[31]和HMA中的喘气冰川数量[32]。ARCGIS 10.8软件处理的高程和质量平衡数据是1°×1°网格点数据，并且选择了ArcGIS层属性工具中符号系统多个属性下的类别选项的数字，以将高程和质量平衡数据分类为35个类别，并从2000年代和2012年列出HMA的高度趋势，以及HMA的范围范围2010年9月份的速度趋势，以及HMA的范围趋势。终于获得了。使用ARCGIS处理散失的冰川是1972年至2019年HMA中涌动冰川的数据集，其中包括五个数据文件，在本研究中使用了三个数据文件：（1）STG_HMA.SHP是HMA的数据文件，在研究期内发生了激增事件；（2）HMA_Regionshape.shp是在研究期间发生飙升事件的HMA子区域的矢量数据；（3）stg.xlsx的属性是HMA中涌动冰川的属性信息文件，在研究期间发生了激增的事件，其中包含判断迅速事件的基础。最后，从1972年至2019年获得了HMA中冰川飙升的分布。
Keyword clustering refers to the clustering of closely related keywords into one group to observe the formation of research clusters in a certain technology or discipline, which is a further research method based on the co-occurrence of keywords. In the keyword clustering map, “climate change”, “karakoram glacier change”, “mechanisms of climate change”, “mechanisms of influence”, “elevation and surge”, “area and mass balance”, “basin”, “temperature and precipitation”, and other clusters appear almost as frequently as the keywords, which reflects the fact that in the context of climate change, glacier area change, glacier mass balance change, glacier elevation change, glacier surge identification, and causes and mechanisms of temperature and precipitation are the key directions in the field of glacier research in Karakoram ( Figure 3 ). Based on this study, we systematically sort the area, elevation, mass balance, and glacier surge identification and causes of the Karakoram glacier and analyze the impact mechanism of glacier change causes.
关键字聚类是指紧密相关的关键字将一个组的聚类群群群体观察到某个技术或纪律中的研究群集的形成，这是基于关键字的共发生的进一步的研究方法。In the keyword clustering map, “climate change”, “karakoram glacier change”, “mechanisms of climate change”, “mechanisms of influence”, “elevation and surge”, “area and mass balance”, “basin”, “temperature and precipitation”, and other clusters appear almost as frequently as the keywords, which reflects the fact that in the context of climate change, glacier area change, glacier mass balance change, glacier elevation变化，冰川涌动的识别以及温度和降水的原因和机制是karakoram冰川研究领域的关键方向（图3）。基于这项研究，我们会系统地对karakoram冰川的面积，海拔，质量平衡和冰川的识别和原因进行分类，并分析冰川变化原因的影响机制。
In this study, the bibliometric analysis method [ 27 ] was used, with the CNKI database and the WOS Core Collection database as the literature data sources, and the search topics were “Karakoram” and “glacier” in the title and keywords, respectively, and the search time was from 1 January 1980 to 31 June 2023. After pre-processing the search results by de-weighting, limiting the types (including dissertations, journal articles, articles, and review articles) and removing significantly irrelevant entries, 67 and 876 documents were obtained from the CNKI and WOS databases, respectively. Then, a knowledge map was drawn with CiteSpace 6.1.R2 software [ 28 ] to analyze the main research hotspots in the field of glaciers in the Karakoram region at home and abroad in the past 40 years. Keyword co-occurrence refers to the simultaneous appearance of two or more keywords in a text, which reveals the intrinsic relevance of the content of academic research in a certain field and the microstructure of the subject area by describing the association and combination of keywords [ 29 ]. The results of keyword co-occurrence in the CNKI database show that, in addition to the subject term “Karakoram”, the terms “China–Pakistan highway”, “glacier”, “surge glacier”, “glacial change”, “Pamir”, “Himalaya”, “climate change”, “surface elevation”, “remote sensing”, “mechanisms”, “temperature “, “precipitation”, “geohazards”, “mudslides”, and “moraines” are the most frequently used keywords. The WOS database shows that, in addition to the subject term “Karakoram”, the terms “climate change”, “glaciers mass balance”, “karakoram himalaya”, “precipitation”, “upper indus basin”, “region”, “remote sensing”, “debris covered glaciers”, “variable”, “runoff”, “temperature”, “glacier area”, “glacier elevation changes”, “high mountain area” “glacier surge”, “karakoram anomaly”, and “summer monsoon” are the most frequently used keywords. The results of keyword co-occurrence after combining the data from the CNKI and WOS databases are shown in Figure 2 . The above keywords with high frequency represent the focuses of the published literature, indicating that remote sensing-based research on Karakoram glaciers in the context of climate change, glacier changes (area, material balance, elevation), the mechanism of the Karakoram anomaly, and downstream geologic hazards caused by glacier surge have been the focus of domestic and foreign scholars in the field of glacier research in recent years.
在这项研究中，使用了文献分析方法[27]，其中CNKI数据库和WOS Core Collection数据库作为文献数据源，搜索主题分别是“ Karakoram”和“ garakoram”和“冰川”，分别是标题和关键字，搜索时间是1980年1月1日至31日的2023年1月1日，均列出了搜索量，并列出了搜索量的限制。文章，文章和审查文章）并删除了明显无关的条目，分别从CNKI和WOS数据库中获得了67和876个文档。然后，使用Citespace 6.1.R2软件[28]绘制知识图，以分析过去40年来家里和国外喀拉科姆地区冰川领域的主要研究热点。关键字同时出现是指文本中两个或多个关键字的同时出现，这通过描述关键字的关联和组合，揭示了学术研究内容的内在相关性以及主题领域的微观结构[29]。CNKI数据库中关键字共同出现的结果表明，除了主题“ karakoram”外，“中国 - 巴基斯坦高速公路”，“冰川”，“冰川变化”，“冰川变化”，“ Pamir”，“ pamir”，“ himalaya”，“ himalaya”，“ himalaya”，“ himalaya”，“ simalaya”，“ spectrimate变化”，“气候变化”，“表面上的机制”“ Geohazards”，“ Mudslides”和“ Moraines”是最常用的关键字。The WOS database shows that, in addition to the subject term “Karakoram”, the terms “climate change”, “glaciers mass balance”, “karakoram himalaya”, “precipitation”, “upper indus basin”, “region”, “remote sensing”, “debris covered glaciers”, “variable”, “runoff”, “temperature”, “glacier area”, “glacier elevation changes”, “high mountain area”“冰川激增”，“ Karakoram Anomaly”和“夏季季风”是最常用的关键字。组合CNKI和WOS数据库的数据后，关键字共发生的结果如图2所示。上面具有高频的关键字代表了已发表的文献的重点，表明在气候变化，冰川变化，冰川变化（面积，物质平衡，海拔高度）的背景下，基于遥感的karakoram冰川的研究，karakoram异常的机制，以及由国内和外国人的辉煌研究造成的冰川激增引起的晶状体灾害造成的地理危害，这是在国内和外国人的焦点。
It can be seen from the above studies that, since the 1970s until the early 21st century, the Nubra, Shyok, Gilgit, Shigar, and Kelching river basins in Karakoram have experienced a weak decrease in glacier area change, with the average annual rate of change in the area being less than −0.25% ain the face of an upsurge in mean annual temperatures. Some studies have shown that the glacier retreat rate on the north slope of Chogori Peak in the Karakoram Mountains and the Kelqing River basin showed a trend from fast to slow from 1978 to 2015 [ 34 40 ]. This indicates that the Karakoram glaciers have shown a stable state since the 1970s.
从以上研究可以看出，自1970年代至21世纪初以来，卡拉科姆（Karakoram）的Nubra，Shyok，Gilgit，Shigar和Kelching River Basins的冰川面积变化的下降较小，该地区的平均年变化速度较小，该地区的平均变化速度低于1-0.25％AIN AIN面临的年度ApeSurge earmeSurge earmeSurge ny ApeSurge in aimeSurege in ApeSurege in aimpersurge ny Apematerge均为pempersurge。一些研究表明，卡拉科姆山脉和Kelqing河流域的Chogori峰北坡上的冰川静修率从1978年至2015年的速度下降到缓慢[34 40]。这表明自1970年代以来，卡拉科姆冰川已经表现出稳定的状态。
A study ( Table 1 ) by Shean et al. [ 39 ] of glacier area in HMA revealed a generalized state of increased retreat. Kääb et al. [ 26 ] found that glaciers in western China are mostly in a retreating state with reduced area. The glacier on the north slope of Chogori Peak, the highest peak in the Karakoram Mountains, retreated at a faster to slower rate during 1978–2014 [ 40 ], with a decrease of 53.37 kmand an annual rate of change of the glacier area of −0.19% a; the change in the glacier area in the Nubra watershed and the average annual rate of change from 1993–2015, respectively, were −103.24 kmand −0.2% a 33 ]. Xu et al. [ 34 ] used Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and OLI remote sensing images, extracted glacier boundaries by computer-aided classification and visual interpretation of remote sensing images, and analyzed the advancing and retreating changes of the glaciers of the Keleqing River Basin of the Karakoram Mountains during the period 1978–2015 and found that the area of the glaciers in the Keleqing River Basin decreased from 1821.70 to 1675.92 km, a decrease of 145.78 km, and the average annual retreat rate was 0.22% a, and the glacier ablation rate was low. Li et al. [ 35 ] studied the Shyok watershed in the Karakoram Mountains with an average annual rate of change of (−0.05% ± 0.20)% aover the last 20 years, and a weak area reduction occurred. Zhang et al. [ 36 ] studied the Gilgit River watershed in the Western Karakoram region from 1993 to 2016 and found that the glacier area over the last 20 years decreased by (45.82 ± 9.07) km, with an average annual rate of change of (0.18% ± 0.03)% a. Wang et al. [ 37 ] studied the Shigar basin in the central Karakoram Mountains and found that the glacier area decreased by (2.67 ± 14.79) km, with an average annual decrease of (0.00% ± 0.02)% aover the last 20 years.
Shean等人的研究（表1）。[39] HMA冰川区域显示了撤退增加的普遍状态。Kääb等。[26]发现，中国西部的冰川主要处于撤退状态，面积减少。Chogori峰北坡的冰川是Karakoram山脉的最高峰，在1978 - 2014年期间以较慢的速度退缩，速度较慢[40]，速度降低了53.37公里，冰川面积的年度变化率为-0.19％a；Nubra流域冰川面积的变化和1993 - 2015年间平均变化率分别为-103.24 kmand -0.2％A 33]。Xu等。[34]使用了Landsat MSS，TM，ETM+和OLI遥感图像，通过计算机辅助分类和遥感图像的视觉解释提取了冰川边界，并分析了Keleq河流河流的冰川的发展和撤退，从1978年的Karakoram河流河流中，该地区的Gllacee Ell of keele decon neee Elive decon nece exele decon of keele decon of keele decon n of the elece decon of the elece decon of the kakoram山脉。1821.70至1675.92公里，降低145.78公里，平均年度撤退率为0.22％A，冰川消融率较低。Li等。[35]研究了卡拉科姆山脉中的Shyok流域，过去20年的平均年度变化率为（-0.05％±0.20）％，并且降低面积较弱。张等。[36]研究了1993年至2016年西部喀拉科姆地区的吉尔吉特河流域，发现过去20年中的冰川面积减少了（45.82±9.07）km，平均年增长率为（0.18％±0.03）％a。Wang等。[37]研究了中央卡拉科姆山脉中的志贺盆地，发现冰川面积减少（2.67±14.79）km，在过去20年中，平均每年降低（0.00％±0.02）％。
Glacier area is a key parameter for calculating the mass balance of glaciers and the amount of glacier water resources, an important indicator of the development of glaciers in a region, and one of the most direct responses to climate change and the easiest to observe covariates. Early glacier area monitoring was based on field measurements in the field, which was labor-intensive and material-intensive; after that, the Global Positioning System (GPS) appeared, which was not able to measure on a large scale. After the emergence of aerial photogrammetry, the glacier boundaries were mapped manually and digitally and was greatly affected by the adverse climatic conditions. Currently, the methods for the study of glacier area (glacier boundary) mainly include manual visual interpretation, ratio threshold method [ 33 37 ], supervised/unsupervised classification, snow cover index threshold method and water body index, normalized snow cover index method, and ratio threshold method combined with visual interpretation [ 38 ]. Among them, the band ratio thresholding method based on multispectral remote sensing images combined with manual visual interpretation has the highest accuracy in extracting glacier boundaries.
冰川面积是计算冰川和冰川水资源量的质量平衡的关键参数，这是该地区冰川发展的重要指标，也是对气候变化的最直接反应之一，也是观察协变量的最简单的响应。早期冰川区域监测是基于现场的现场测量，该田间是劳动密集型和物质密集型的。之后，出现了全球定位系统（GPS），该系统无法大规模测量。空中摄影测量结果出现后，手动和数字地绘制了冰川边界，并受到不利气候条件的极大影响。当前，冰川区域研究的方法（冰川边界）主要包括手动视觉解释，比率阈值方法[33 37]，监督/无监督的分类，雪覆盖指数阈值方法和水体指数，标准化的积雪指数方法以及比率阈值方法结合了视觉解释[38]。其中，基于多光谱遥感图像与手动视觉解释相结合的频带比率阈值方法在提取冰川边界方面具有最高的精度。
The study showed that the rate of glacier elevation lowering in Pamir and Hindu Kush showed a slowing down trend [ 42 ], and the rate of glacier elevation change in Pamir and western Kunlun was −0.22 m.aand −0.27 m.ain 2003–2008, and the rate of glacier elevation change in the 2003–2020 period was slowed down to −0.13 m.aand −0.17 m.a, respectively. Rankl et al. [ 43 ] found that glacier elevation varied from −0.09 m.ato 0.21 m.afrom 2000 to 2012 in Karakoram. The rate of change of glacier elevation in most areas of HMA in the context of global warming shows a trend of retreat and thinning, while glaciers in the Karakoram, Pamir, and West Kunlun regions show a trend of stabilization or even weak thickening. Through the average glacier elevation change rate in HMA from 2000–2019 ( Figure 4 ), the glacier elevation showed different degrees of thinning and thickening, and the rate of glacier elevation change in the Karakoram region was positive. Glaciers in the Karakoram region are in an increasing state.
这项研究表明，帕米尔和印度教库什的冰川升高速度降低了趋势的放缓[42]，帕米尔和昆伦西西部的冰川高度变化速率为-0.22 m.aand -0.27 m.aand -0.27 M.Ain M.Ain 2003-2008，以及2003年3月0日的速度降低了2003–20 -20的速度。硕士分别。Rankl等。[43]发现冰川高度从-0.09 m.ato 0.21 M.Afrom 2000到2012年在Karakoram中不等。在全球变暖的背景下，HMA大多数地区冰川海拔的变化速率显示出撤退和变薄的趋势，而karakoram，Pamir和West Kunlun地区的冰川显示出稳定甚至较弱的增厚趋势。从2000 - 2019年间，HMA的平均冰川高度变化率（图4），冰川高度显示出不同程度的稀薄和增厚程度，而卡拉科姆地区的冰川高度变化速率为正。卡拉科姆地区的冰川处于越来越多的状态。
Shen et al. [ 42 ] studied the rate of glacier elevation change in HMA from 2003 to 2020 based on ICESat-1&2 data and found that the rates of glacier elevation change from 2003 to 2008 and from 2003 to 2020 were (−0.21 ± 0.12) m.aand (−0.26 ± 0.11) m.a, respectively, with glacier ablation becoming more and more rapid. Kääb et al. [ 26 ] estimated the glacier elevation change in the Karakoram Mountains from 2003 to 2008 based on SRTM DEM and ICESat data: (+0.41 ± 0. 04) m.ain winter and (−0.07 ± 0.04) m.ain fall, with a cumulative state on the annual scale.
Shen等。[42]研究了2003年至2020年HMA冰川升高的速率，该数据基于ICEAT-1和2数据，发现冰川高度从2003年到2008年以及从2003年到2020年的变化速率为（-0.21±0.12）M.Aand（-0.26±0.11）M.A（-0.26±0.11）M.A，分别具有Glaciel a-apread和glaciera a a M.A。Kääb等。[26]估计了基于SRTM DEM和ICESAT数据的Karakoram山脉的冰川高度变化：（ +0.41±0.04））M.Ain冬季和（-0.07±0.04）和（-0.07±0.04）M.Ain M.Ain跌落，每年规模累积状态。
Glacier elevation change can be used to accurately estimate the amount of glacier accumulation loss and glacier elevation and area change can be used to obtain the mass balance change; glacier elevation is also an extremely important parameters. Glacier elevation change research methods mainly include field survey methods, satellite-carried LiDAR measurements, synthetic aperture radar measurements, and optical stereo image pair measurements. Early monitoring methods were manual flower pole measurements, which were accurate and continuous and were greatly affected by the terrain [ 26 42 ]. Elevation information was obtained directly using mainly altimetry data (ICESat-1&2, Gravity Satellite Data, CryoSat-2) and DEM data such as Digital Elevation Models (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission, and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X), supported by remote sensing by satellite technology [ 26 42 ]. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, as shown in Table 2
冰川高度变化可用于准确估计冰川积累损失和冰川高度的量，并且可以使用面积变化来获得质量平衡的变化；冰川高程也是一个极为重要的参数。冰川高程变化研究方法主要包括现场调查方法，卫星婚姻测量值，合成孔径雷达测量和光学立体声图像对测量。早期的监测方法是手动花杆测量值，其准确且连续，并受到地形的极大影响[26 42]。直接使用主要测量数据（ICESAT-1和2，重力卫星数据，CryoSat-2）和DEM数据直接获得高程信息，例如数字高程模型（Shuttle Radar Topograph Mission Mission数字高程模型（SRTM DEM），Advanced Space passborne Thermane热量排放和Reflection Meter radi Meter radi Meter radimeter Global Digital Elevation Models（Aster Gdem by terraser-by-by-by-by-by-by-by-by-by-by-by by satand by-by-xx and satand by-xx and satand by-xx ,，26 42]。每种方法都有其自身的优势和缺点，如表2所示
The above study of the balance of matter in the Karakoram region found a weak positive balance of matter, which is quite different from the changes in the balance of matter in most parts of HMA, emphasizing the phenomenon of the Karakoram anomaly ( Table 3 ). Combined with the above summary, it can be shown that the Karakoram anomaly can be traced back to the 1970s. Combined with previous research, it is concluded that from the 1970s to the present, the Karakoram glacier has been, on the whole, in a state of near-equilibrium.
上述对喀拉科姆地区物质平衡的研究发现，物质的正平衡较弱，这与HMA大部分地区的物质平衡的变化大不相同，强调了karakoram异常的现象（表3）。结合上述摘要，可以证明卡拉科姆异常可以追溯到1970年代。结合先前的研究，可以得出结论，从1970年代到现在，总体上，卡拉科姆冰川一直处于接近平衡的状态。
Gardelle et al. [ 24 ] revealed that the mass balance in the Karakoram Mountains was (+0.11 ± 0.22) m w.e.aand (+0.10 ± 0.16) m w.e.ain 1999–2008 and 1999–2011, respectively, and that the Karakoram glaciers showed a weak positive mass balance. Wang et al. [ 37 ] showed that the change in mass balance in the Shigar watershed in the central Karakoram Mountains from 2000 to 2016 was (−0.00 ± 0.03) m w.e.a. Kääb et al. [ 26 ] found that glaciers in the Karakoram region were in negative mass balance from 2003 to 2008 based on SRTM DEM and ICESat data. Lin et al. [ 45 ] showed that the mass balance of the Siachen Glacier in Karakorum from 2000–2014 was (−0.11 ± 0.24) m w.e.a. Rankl and Braun [ 43 ] revealed a mass balance of (−0.08 ± 0.10) m w.e.afor 2000–2012 in the central Karakoram. Agarwal et al. [ 46 ] showed that the mass balance of the Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram) was (−0.03 ± 0.21) m w.e.afor 1999–2007.
Gardelle等。[24]表明，卡拉科姆山脉的质量平衡分别为（+0.11±0.22）M W.E.AAND（+0.10±0.16）M W.E.Ain 1999–2008和1999-2011，并且Karakoram冰川显示出弱的正质量平衡。Wang等。[37]表明，从2000年到2016年，中央卡拉科姆山脉中的夏格尔流域的质量平衡变化为（-0.00±0.03）M W.E.A.Kääb等。[26]发现，基于SRTM DEM和ICESAT数据，Karakoram地区的冰川在2003年至2008年处于负质量平衡。Lin等。[45]表明，从2000 - 2014年开始，karakorum中西亚奇冰川的质量平衡为（-0.11±0.24）M W.E.A.Rankl and Braun [43]揭示了中央Karakoram的质量平衡为（-0.08±0.10）M W.E.AFOR 2000–2012。Agarwal等。[46]表明，西亚钦冰川（East Karakoram）的质量平衡为（-0.03±0.21）M W.E.AFOR 1999–2007。
The anomalous features in the Karakoram region mainly include the presence of a large number of surging glaciers as well as a weak positive mass balance, and Figure 5 shows the change in the mass balance of glaciers in the 1° × 1° grid in HMA from 2000–2016 [ 31 ] (single glaciers with glacier area less than 2 kmwere not counted in the data), and the glacier mass balance in most of the other regions in HMA was in a negative equilibrium in the period 2000–2016, except for the Karakoram region.
The anomalous features in the Karakoram region mainly include the presence of a large number of surging glaciers as well as a weak positive mass balance, and Figure 5 shows the change in the mass balance of glaciers in the 1° × 1° grid in HMA from 2000–2016 [ 31 ] (single glaciers with glacier area less than 2 kmwere not counted in the data), and the glacier mass balance in most of the other regions inHMA在2000 - 2016年期间处于负平衡，除了Karakoram地区。
Relevant studies have shown that the mass balance in HMA is generally in negative equilibrium [ 30 44 ], but the mass balance of glaciers in localized areas such as the Karakoram [ 37 ], Pamir, West Kunlun, and Kunlun Mountains is close to equilibrium or in positive equilibrium. Glacier mass balance (glacier volume) research methods mainly include traditional geodetic methods (flower pole method), statistical formula method (glacier area-volume relationship ratio), glacier topographic measurements (topographic observation, stereophotogrammetry, radar interferometry, differential GPS measurements), and remote sensing monitoring methods (multi-source DEM observation of glacier thickness volume change, bottoming radar thickness measurement) [ 26 43 ]. Among them, geodetic methods (accurate measurement, but high cost and influenced by topographic conditions) are used, but more studies use glacier topography (low cost and wide coverage) [ 24 48 ]. Overall glacier elevation and glacier mass balance change studies have used one or more types of elevation data to build digital surface models and then analyze the differences between the models.
相关的研究表明，HMA的质量平衡通常为负平衡[30 44]，但是诸如Karakoram [37]，Pamir，West Kunlun和Kunlun山脉等局部区域中冰川的质量平衡接近平衡或正平衡。冰川质量平衡（冰川体积）研究方法主要包括传统的大地测量方法（花杆法），统计公式方法（冰川面积 - 体积关系比率），冰川地形测量测量值（冰川观察，立体观察图，地形图，雷达介绍，雷达介绍，雷达间隔米测量）[26 43]。其中，使用了大地测量方法（准确的测量，但成本很高，受地形条件的影响），但是越来越多的研究使用冰川地形（低成本和广泛的覆盖范围）[24 48]。总体冰川高程和冰川质量平衡变化研究使用了一种或多种类型的海拔数据来构建数字表面模型，然后分析模型之间的差异。
Based on China’s second glacier inventory and Randolph Glacier Inventory Version 6.0 (RGI V6.0) glacier inventory data ( Table 4 ), Zhou identified a total of 244 glaciers based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI remote sensing imagery from 1986 to 2021 while comparing the changes in glacier end position, glacier surface features and their elevation changes, glacier flow rate changes, and the basis of the shape of the end of the glaciers in HMA surging glaciers [ 61 ]. Bhambri et al. [ 59 ] identified 172 surging glaciers in the Karakoram region from 1840 to 2017 based on fieldwork data and Landsat and ASTER satellite data by discriminating changes in glacier ends, surface flow rates, and surface features. Goerlich et al. [ 60 ] identified 202 glaciers in the Pamir region that appeared to be the basis of glacier end advance and surface elevation change discrimination from 1960 to 2018 through Landsat, Corona KH-4, Hexagon KH-9, SRTM, AW3D30, ASTER GDEM, and TanDEM-X data. Yasuda and Furuya [ 72 ] identified nine surging glaciers in the Kunlun Mountain region from 1972 to 1992 by studying the changes in glacier terminal and glacier surface flow velocity in part of the Kunlun Mountain region. In terms of the number of surging glaciers in each mountain range, the highest number of surging glaciers in HMA is distributed in the Karakorum and Pamir regions. Copland et al. [ 60 ], based on the literature, Landsat MSS/ETM+, and ASTER data, identified a total of 90 glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains that had surged from 1960 to 2011 by using surface features and end changes as the basis for the identification of surging glaciers. Rankl et al. [ 77 ] identified a total of 101 surging glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains from 1976 to 2012 based on Landsat and SAR satellite imagery data using the glacier surface flow rate and end position as the basis for the identification of surging glaciers. Kotlyakov et al. [ 74 ] identified a total of 215 glaciers that surged in Pamir from 1972 to 2006 based on Resurs-F satellites, Landsat, and ASTER data through glacier surface features, glacier surface flow velocity, and end position identification basis. Goerlich et al. [ 52 ] used the same method as Kotlyakov et al. to identify a total of 206 glaciers that have surged from 1960s to 2018 based on Landsat, Corona and Hexagon, SRTM DEM, ASTER GDEM, and AW3D30 DEM data. Lv et al. [ 32 ] identified a total of 362 active glaciers in HMA based on elevation changes and remote sensing images, while the active glaciers in the Pamir and Karakoram regions accounted for 37% and 35% of the total number of active glaciers in HMA, respectively, which confirmed the existence of a large number of active glaciers in the Karakoram Anomaly.
Based on China’s second glacier inventory and Randolph Glacier Inventory Version 6.0 (RGI V6.0) glacier inventory data ( Table 4 ), Zhou identified a total of 244 glaciers based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI remote sensing imagery from 1986 to 2021 while comparing the changes in glacier end position, glacier surface features and their elevation changes, glacier flow rate changes, and the basis of the shape ofHMA涌动冰川中的冰川末端[61]。Bhambri等。[59]根据现场工作数据和Landsat和Aster卫星数据，从1840年到2017年确定了172个急剧的冰川，通过区分冰川末端，表面流速和表面特征的变化，从而确定了冰川。Goerlich等。[60]确定了帕米尔地区的202个冰川，这些冰川似乎是冰川终端前进和表面高程的基础，从1960年到2018年，通过Landsat，Corona KH-4，Corona KH-4，Hexagon KH-9，SRTM，SRTM，AW3DD30，AW3D30，Aster Gdem，Aster Gdem和Tandem-X数据。Yasuda和Furuya [72]通过研究Kunlun山区一部分的冰川末端和冰川表面流速的变化，从1972年至1992年发现了Kunlun山区的九个涌动冰川。就每个山脉中涌动的冰川数量而言，HMA中最高数量的冰川数量分布在karakorum和Pamir地区。科普兰等。[60]基于文献，Landsat MSS/ETM+和Aster数据，通过使用表面特征和最终变化作为识别冰川涌动的基础，确定了Karakoram山区总共90个冰川。Rankl等。[77]根据Landsat和SAR卫星图像数据，使用冰川表面流量和终端位置确定了1976年至2012年在Karakoram山区的101个涌动冰川，作为识别激增冰川的基础。Kotlyakov等。[74]根据冰川表面特征，冰川表面流量速度和终端位置识别基础，根据1972年至2006年在帕米尔（Pamir）中总共确定了215个冰川。Goerlich等。[52]使用与Kotlyakov等人相同的方法。为了确定基于Landsat，Corona和Hexagon，Srtm Dem，Aster GDEM和AW3D30 DEM数据的总共206个冰川，从1960年代到2018年飙升。LV等。[32]基于高程变化和遥感图像确定了HMA中总共362个活动冰川，而Pamir和Karakoram区域中的活动冰川分别占HMA中活性冰川总数的37％和35％，这证实了大量活跃的活跃冰川在Karakoram Anomemal中存在。
Lv et al. [ 32 ] confirmed 362 surging glaciers in HMA from 1972 to 2019 by aligning and differencing two batches of digital elevation model (DEM) data covering all of HMA, combined with other glacier surface elevation change data as well as historical optical remote sensing imagery from the 1970s to 2019. Figure 6 is taken from a dataset of surging glaciers in HMA based on elevation changes and remote sensing imagery [ 32 ] and was generated using three main data types: optical remote sensing imagery, DEM, and glacier cataloging data. Optical remote sensing images: for glacier edge contour extraction and image verification of historical surge events; DEM: for glacier surface elevation information and elevation change extraction; glacier cataloging data: for glacier boundary reference and DEM alignment assistance. The website of the data service system is ( http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00901 ). Data accessed 1 June 2023.
LV等。[32]从1972年到2019年，确认了HMA的362次涌动冰川，通过对齐和差异覆盖所有HMA的数字高度高度模型（DEM）数据，以及其他冰川表面高度变化数据以及历史远程感应图像，从1970年代到2019年。使用三种主要数据类型生成：光学遥感图像，DEM和冰川编目数据。光学遥感图像：用于冰川边缘的轮廓提取和历史激增事件的图像验证；DEM：对于冰川表面高程信息和高程变化提取；冰川编目数据：用于冰川边界参考和DEM对准辅助。数据服务系统的网站是（http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00901）。数据访问于2023年6月1日。
Glacier surge is a special glacier movement phenomenon in which a glacier periodically undergoes rapid movement in a relatively short period of time (2–3a) [ 50 ], and the most distinctive feature of surging glacier identification is the rapid advance of the glacier terminus [ 51 ]. The basis for the identification of glacier surges mainly includes the following: changes in glacier end position, changes in glacier surface (elevation, features, flow velocity), and glacier end shape [ 32 64 ]. Surging glaciers occur in most parts of the globe, mainly in the Yukon region of Canada, Alaska in the United States [ 65 ], Svalbard and East Greenland in Norway [ 66 ], and in HMA, in Karakorum [ 67 71 ], western Kunlun [ 63 73 ], and the Pamirs [ 52 74 ]. Small portions of surge glaciers are also present in HMA, such as Tian Shan [ 54 55 ], Tanggula Shan [ 56 76 ], Hindu Kush [ 32 ], and the interior of the Tibetan Plateau [ 12 56 ].
冰川激增是一种特殊的冰川运动现象，在该现象中，冰川在相对较短的时间内（2-3a）定期进行快速运动[50]，而散发冰川识别的最独特特征是冰川末端的快速发展[51]。识别冰川潮流的基础主要包括以下内容：冰川端位置的变化，冰川表面的变化（高程，特征，流速）和冰川端形状[32 64]。激增的冰川发生在全球大部分地区，主要是在加拿大的育空地区，美国的阿拉斯加[65]，挪威的Svalbard和East Greenland [66]，以及在Karakorum [67 71]，Kunlun [67 71]，Kunlun [63 73]以及Pamirs [67 71]，以及Pamirs [52 74]。HMA中也存在少量的呼吸冰川，例如Tian Shan [54 55]，Tanggula Shan [56 76]，印度教库什[32]和藏族高原的内部[12 56]。
The synthesis of the above studies found that the mechanism of glacier surging in HMA is largely influenced by climatic conditions, but also by the joint effect of several other factors ( Table 5 ). Taken together, the Karakoram and Kunlun Mountains surging glaciers are mainly affected by the synergistic effects of various factors, such as hydrothermal conditions, atmospheric circulation, and topography, and the glacier surging in the Pamir region is mainly affected by the thermal mechanism.
上述研究的合成发现，HMA中冰川的机理在很大程度上受气候条件的影响，也受其他几个因素的关节作用的影响（表5）。综上所述，卡拉科拉姆和昆伦山脉涌动的冰川主要受到各种因素的协同作用的影响，例如水热条件，大气循环和地形，Pamir地区的冰川飙升主要受热机制的影响。
Yasuda et al. [ 63 ] suggested that the combined effect of thermal and hydrological mechanisms caused glacier surging in the West Kunlun region, and Mackintosh et al. [ 137 ] suggested that warmer temperatures led to an increase in glacier meltwater in the West Kunlun region, resulting in a large amount of meltwater entering into and under the ice, along with the crevasses, which triggered glacier surging. Frappét [ 138 ] attributed the surging of the West Kunlun glacier to glacial ablation pressure and frictional heat-generating processes that melted the glaciers in the region, producing large quantities of subglacial meltwater, which led to the surging of the glacier. Gao et al. [ 132 ] suggested that glacier advance in the Buka Darshan Peak area of East Kunlun may be subject to a combination of thermal and hydrological mechanisms. Combined with existing research, synthesis analysis shows that, in the Kunlun Mountain region, the thermal mechanism and the hydrological mechanism have a joint role in glacier surge.
Yasuda等。[63]表明，热和水文机制的综合作用导致西昆伦地区冰川涌动，Mackintosh等人。[137]表明，温度较高导致西昆伦地区的冰川融化升高，导致大量融水进入冰，以及裂缝，这引发了冰川的刺激。Frappét[138]将西昆伦冰川的激增归因于冰川消融压力和摩擦发热过程，从而融化了该地区的冰川，从而产生了大量的冰川融化材料，从而导致了冰川的刺激。Gao等。[132]表明，东昆伦（East Kunlun）Buka Darshan峰面积的冰川前进可能会结合热机制和水文机制。结合现有的研究，合成分析表明，在昆伦山区，热机制和水文机制在冰川激增中具有共同的作用。
Li et al. [ 135 ] concluded that the North Kyzkurgan glacier in Pamir is controlled by a thermodynamic mechanism and that the glacier surges are due to the increasing amount of material in the accumulation zone, leading to a pressure melting point at the bottom of the glacier. Zhang et al. [ 51 ] concluded that the East Pamir glacier, coded 5Y663L0023, is more likely to be affected by thermodynamic mechanisms, and that the main reason for the alteration of hydrological conditions within the ice is the increase in ice meltwater and liquid precipitation. Shangguan et al. [ 12 ] and Zhang et al. [ 136 ] suggested that the East Pamir Kraya Yilak Glacier is influenced by thermodynamic mechanisms. The characteristics of the glaciers in the eastern and western parts of Pamir are different, and their control mechanisms are also different. In summary, the glacier movement in the Pamir region is mainly influenced by the thermal mechanism.
Li等。[135]得出的结论是，帕米尔（Pamir）中的北部kyzkurgan冰川受热力学机制的控制，冰川的涌现是由于累积区域中材料的增加造成的，导致冰川底部的压力熔点。张等。[51]得出的结论是，编码为5Y663L0023的东帕米尔冰川更有可能受热力学机制的影响，并且在冰内改变水文条件的主要原因是冰融化和液体沉淀的增加。Shangguan等。[12]和张等。[136]提出，东帕米尔·克雷亚（East Pamir Kraya Yilak）冰川受热力学机制的影响。帕米尔东部和西部冰川的特征不同，它们的控制机制也不同。总之，帕米尔地区的冰川运动主要受热机制的影响。
Different scholars studying the Karakoram mountain glacier surge mechanism have different views. Quincey et al. [ 69 ] and Hewitt et al. [ 70 ] believe that, regarding the surge of the Karakoram glacier, the dominant mechanism is a thermodynamic mechanism; the bottom of the glacier is in a state of pressure and melting caused by an increase in the amount of accumulation. Copland et al. [ 5 ] and Farinotti et al. [ 60 ] suggested that the main cause of the Karakoram glacier surge was the change in hydrological conditions. However, Quincey et al., in a subsequent observational study, changed the previous simple thermodynamic mechanism, arguing that the Karakoram surge is subject to a combination of hydrologic and thermal mechanisms [ 122 ]. Iturrizaga et al. [ 133 ] and Lovell et al. [ 134 ] suggested that the high altitude and complex topographic and climatic context was responsible for the occurrence of surge glaciers and advancing glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains. In summary, Karakoram surge glaciers are subject to a variety of mechanisms.
研究Karakoram Mountain Glacier激增机制的不同学者具有不同的看法。Quincey等。[69]和Hewitt等。[70]相信，对于喀拉科姆冰川的激增，主要的机制是一种热力学机制。冰川的底部处于压力和熔化状态，这是由于积累量的增加而引起的。科普兰等。[5]和Farinotti等。[60]表明，喀拉科姆冰川激增的主要原因是水文条件的变化。然而，Quincey等人在随后的观察性研究中改变了先前的简单热力学机制，认为Karakoram激增伴随着水文和热机制的结合[122]。Iturrizaga等。[133]和Lovell等。[134]提出，高海拔和复杂的地形和气候环境是导致喘息冰川的发生，并推进了卡拉科姆山脉的冰川。总而言之，卡拉科姆电涌冰川受到多种机制的约束。
Thermal and hydrological mechanism control is the main reason for the current control mechanism explanation of surging glaciers [ 126 128 ]. Clarke et al. [ 125 ] suggested that thermal mechanism control due to the change of temperature field at the bottom leads to the increase of porosity and deformation of the under-ice sedimentary layer, which triggers glacier surging, and the glacier under the control of thermal mechanisms is independent of seasonal time. It can begin and end in any season, and this kind of glacier reaches the peak of the surging a few years after the beginning of the surging, and the decelerating phase can also last up to a few years [ 125 ]. Some studies have shown that the main driver for triggering glacier surges under the control of hydrological regimes is the change from centralized to distributed drainage systems at the bottom of the glacier, and that surges under the control of hydrological regimes have faster processes of initiation and termination of surges, which usually begin in winter with small amounts of glacial meltwater, resulting in poorly drained and poorly distributed subglacial hydrological systems, and ultimately end in summer, when a large amount of meltwater reestablishes effective drainage channels [ 129 130 ]. Increased subglacial hydrostatic pressure is the ultimate cause of both the thermal and hydrologic mechanisms, with increased pressure enhancing sliding at the base of the glacier.
热和水文机理控制是当前控制机制解释冰川的主要原因[126 128]。克拉克等。[125]表明，由于底部温度场的变化而导致的热机理控制导致孔隙率和冰质沉积层的变形的增加，这会触发冰川的刺激，而在热机制的控制下，冰川却独立于季节性时间。它可以在任何季节开始和结束，这种冰川在开始飙升几年后达到了飙升的高峰，而减速阶段也可以持续到几年[125]。Some studies have shown that the main driver for triggering glacier surges under the control of hydrological regimes is the change from centralized to distributed drainage systems at the bottom of the glacier, and that surges under the control of hydrological regimes have faster processes of initiation and termination of surges, which usually begin in winter with small amounts of glacial meltwater, resulting in poorly drained and poorly distributed subglacial hydrological systems, and ultimately end in夏季，当大量融化重建有效的排水通道时[129 130]。冰山下静水压力增加是热机制和水文机理的最终原因，随着冰川底部的压力增强的增加。
There is no systematic explanation for the mechanism of glacier surging, but most scholars generally believe that the root cause of glacier surging is the instability of glacier dynamics [ 122 123 ]. Robin [ 124 ] suggests that glacier surging is promoted by a combination of water film, temperature, and stress instability. Clarke et al. [ 125 ] suggest that a portion of the glacier changes from extensional to compressive flow, leading to glacier stressivity. Meier et al. [ 50 ] suggested that, at the bottom of the boundary between stagnant and surge ice, surging occurs when the shear stress reaches a certain critical value, which leads to rapid downstream movement of the ice body. In addition, glacial meltwater is also seen as the main cause of glacial surging.
对于冰川激增的机制没有系统的解释，但是大多数学者通常认为，冰川的根本原因是冰川动力学的不稳定性[122 123]。Robin [124]表明，冰川涌动是通过水膜，温度和压力不稳定性的结合来促进的。克拉克等。[125]表明，冰川的一部分从延伸到压缩流变化，导致冰川压力。Meier等人。[50]表明，在停滞和潮汐冰之间的边界底部，当剪切应力达到一定的临界值时，就会发生飙升，从而导致冰体的下游运动迅速。另外，冰川融化也被视为冰川飙升的主要原因。
The different orientations of glaciers can also have an effect on glacier ablation. Muhammad et al. [ 116 ] studied the melt rates of three glaciers in the Karakoram region facing east, south, and north and found that ice without debris melted faster than ice covered with debris, with south-facing glaciers experiencing the greatest ablation (an average of a 25% increase), and north- and east-facing glaciers displaying almost the same rate of ablation.
冰川的不同方向也会对冰川消融产生影响。穆罕默德等。[116]研究了面对东，南和北部的喀拉科姆地区的三个冰川的融化速率，发现没有碎屑的冰融化的速度比被碎屑覆盖的冰融化的速度更快，面向冰川的冰川经历了最大的消融（平均增长25％），以及几乎相同的冰川表现出同一速率。
Iturrizaga [ 119 ] argued that glaciers in the Karakoram region are larger in size and higher in elevation than subcontinental glaciers, which are insensitive to climate change and have a significant hysteresis effect on temperature change. The Indian monsoon provides a large amount of precipitation for the Himalayan region, but most of the water vapor is condensed at heights below 4000 m above sea level to cause rain, and the influence of monsoon water vapor decreases from east to west along the Himalayas, which makes the aridity of high-altitude glacial watersheds significantly worse [ 64 ]. Compared with monsoon water vapor, westerly water vapor can reach higher altitudes [ 120 ], and maximum precipitation occurs between 5000 m and 6000 m above sea level [ 6 ]. The glaciers in the Karakoram region are of the westerly-dominated winter precipitation type, with freeze–thaw cycles occurring between 4000 m and 6000 m above sea level, and because the region is surrounded by high mountains (Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, and Karakoram Mountains), it has a typical arid and semi-arid alpine climate [ 121 ]. The unique geomorphic units make the region highly sensitive to the effects of external factors and important feedbacks.
Iturrizaga [119]认为，喀拉科姆地区的冰川的大小和海拔高于亚洲冰川的冰川对气候变化不敏感，并且对温度变化具有显着的滞后作用。印度季风为喜马拉雅地区提供了大量的降水，但是大多数水蒸气在海拔4000 m以下的高度下凝结，以引起降雨，季风水蒸气的影响从喜马拉雅山脉沿东到西部降低，这使高空glacial glacial watersheds的高空变得非常差[64]。与季风水蒸气相比，西风水蒸气可以达到较高的高度[120]，最大降水发生在海平面以上5000 m至6000 m之间[6]。卡拉科姆地区的冰川是西上占主导地位的冬季降水类型，冻结 - 透水周期发生在海平面以上的4000 m至6000 m之间，并且由于该地区周围是高山（印度库什（Hindu Kush），蒂恩·山（Tien Shan），蒂恩·山（Tien Shan）和karakoram山脉），所以它具有典型的杂音和半含量的alimate al palpimate climate and artpine climate climate and artpine climate climate climpte and plimate climate [121] [121]。独特的地貌单元使该区域对外部因素和重要反馈的影响高度敏感。
The thickness change of the glacier is the main basis for judging the surface moraine cover on the accumulation of ablation of the lower glacier. When the thickness of the surface moraine cover is thin, the surface moraine layer is subjected to heat absorption, and there will be a large part of the heat efficiently transmitted to the lower overlying ice. This condition will accelerate the glacier ablation, resulting in the enhancement of the loss of glacier material as well as an increase in the runoff of the glacier meltwater, which leads to the glacier on the formation of climate change, a positive feedback effect [ 117 118 ]. When the thickness of the surface moraine cover is thicker, the heat absorbed by the surface moraine cover is higher, which will reduce the heat reaching the lower overlying ice layer. This situation inhibits the glacier ablation, which leads to a slowing down of the loss of glacier material as well as a reduction in the glacier meltwater runoff, which ultimately leads to the glacier on the formation of climate change, a negative feedback effect [ 117 118 ].
冰川的厚度变化是根据下部冰川消融的积累来判断表面冰a覆盖的主要基础。当表面膜盖的厚度薄时，表面冰ora层会受到热吸收，并且将有大量热量有效传输到下层冰层。这种情况将加速冰川消融，从而增强冰川材料的丧失以及冰川融化的径流增加，从而导致冰川形成气候变化，积极反馈效应[117 118]。当表面膜盖的厚度较厚时，表面冰a盖吸收的热量较高，这将减少到达较低上层冰层的热量。这种情况抑制了冰川消融，从而导致冰川材料的丧失以及冰川融合水径流的减少降低，这最终导致冰川形成气候变化，负面反馈效应[117 118]。
In summary, the influence of glacier surface moraine cover on the accumulation and ablation of glaciers due to the distribution of surface moraine thickness and the proportion of surface moraine cover in different glacier areas in HMA varies greatly. Some scholars studying the Karakoram Mountains region regarding different typical glacier area field ablation observations found that the region of the surface moraine cover under the glacier ablation is mainly inhibited [ 105 116 ], which may be caused by the Karakoram glacier anomalies, or the anomalies may be part of the reason. Mihalcea et al. [ 115 ] studied the Baltoro Glacier in Karakoram and found that the average ablation of glaciers in the surface moraine-covered area of this glacier decreased by approximately 22.0%, relative to the bare ice area. Muhammad et al. [ 116 ] found that a thin surface moraine debris layer of 0.5 cm did not contribute to glacier ablation compared to clean ice.
总而言之，由于表面冰ora的厚度的分布和HMA不同冰川区域的表面冰a覆盖率的比例差异很大，因此冰川表面覆盖物对冰川的积累和消融的影响差异很大。一些研究Karakoram山区的学者有关不同的典型冰川区域场消融观察结果发现，冰川消融下的地面冰a覆盖区域主要受到抑制[105 116]，这可能是由karakoram冰川疾病引起的，或者可能是该原因的一部分。Mihalcea等。[115]研究了卡拉科姆（Karakoram）的巴尔托罗（Baltoro）冰川，发现相对于裸露的冰面积，该冰川表面冰川覆盖面积的平均冰川平均消融量减少了约22.0％。穆罕默德等。[116]发现，与清洁冰相比，0.5 cm的薄表面冰or碎片层没有促进冰川消融。
Glacial surface moraine debris is widely distributed in the Karakoram region, accounting for approximately 18–22% of the glacial area [ 6 98 ], a proportion that is about twice as high as that in the Himalayan region [ 99 ]. In addition to obtaining cover from the ice bed through planing and exhumation during glacier movement, gravity slides, ice/snow avalanches, and freezing and thawing can result in the avalanche of rock debris material from periglacial slopes to the surface of the glacier or into the interior of the glacier [ 100 103 ]. Lejeune [ 104 ] and Collier [ 105 ] studied the debris cover on the surface of glaciers and the process of glacial melting. Scherler et al. [ 98 ] found that surface moraine cover is more prevalent in glaciers in the Karakoram region, and the presence of a large amount of debris cover will have a great potential impact on the ablation of Karakoram glaciers. Many scholars have shown that the debris surface moraine cover has a critical value; when the thickness of the surface moraine is thin, the existence of the surface moraine accelerates the glacier ablation, and when the thickness exceeds the critical value, it will inhibit the glacier ablation [ 106 112 ]. A field study by Fujii [ 113 ] found that, compared with the natural snow surface, the glacier ablation rate under a thin debris layer is accelerated, and glacier ablation is slowed down under a thick debris layer; the critical thickness of the debris layer is 1.6 cm, and the glacier ablation rate is maximum under a 0.5 cm-thick debris cover. Østrem [ 106 ] found that when the thickness of surface moraine is approximately 2 cm, the rate of ablation of the bare ice area is almost the same as the rate of glacier ablation under surface moraine. When the thickness of surface moraine is approximately 2 cm, the ablation rate of the bare ice area and the ablation rate of the glacier under the surface moraine are almost the same; a surface moraine thickness of approximately 2 cm is called the critical thickness. Liu et al. [ 114 ], while studying the Himalayan Jombo glacier, found that the thickness of the surface moraine decreased with elevation, and the surface moraine thickness of 5 cm at the average ablation compared with the bare ice area increased by 67.0%. The glacier ablation rate decreases with increasing surface moraine thickness when the surface moraine thickness is >8.5 cm [ 114 ]. Mattson et al. [ 112 ], in Himalayan region Rakhiot glacier observation experiments, found that when the surface moraine thickness was approximately 1 cm, the amount of glacier ablation was below the maximum; 3 cm of surface moraine thickness is called the critical thickness. Some scholars have found that when the thickness of surface moraine cover exceeds 2 m, the glacial ablation of its underlying layers is basically at a standstill [ 106 115 ].
冰川表面的冰ora碎片广泛分布在卡拉科姆地区，约占冰川面积的18-22％[6 98]，这一比例大约是喜马拉雅地区的两倍[99]。除了在冰川运动期间通过策划和挖掘从冰床获得覆盖外，重力幻灯片，冰/雪雪崩以及冷冻和融化还会导致岩石碎屑材料的雪崩材料从冰川斜坡到冰川表面或进入冰川内部的表面[100 103]。Lejeune [104]和Collier [105]研究了冰川表面上的碎屑盖和冰川熔化的过程。Scherler等。[98]发现，在卡拉科姆地区的冰川中，表面冰a的覆盖物更为普遍，并且存在大量碎屑覆盖物将对卡拉科姆冰川的消融产生巨大的潜在影响。许多学者表明，碎屑表面冰a的覆盖物具有临界价值。当表面冰a的厚度稀薄时，表面冰ora的存在加速了冰川消融，并且当厚度超过临界值时，它将抑制冰川消融[106 112]。Fujii [113]进行的一项现场研究发现，与自然雪表面相比，薄碎屑层下的冰川消融速率加速了，冰川消融在厚的碎屑层下放慢速度。碎屑层的临界厚度为1.6 cm，冰川消融速率在0.5 cm厚的碎屑盖下最大。ØStrem[106]发现，当冰ora的表面厚度约为2 cm时，裸露冰面积的消融速率几乎与表面冰a的冰川消融速率相同。当冰ora的表面厚度约为2厘米时，裸露的冰面积的消融速率和地面冰河下冰川的消融速率几乎相同。大约2 cm的表面冰ora厚度称为临界厚度。刘等。[114]在研究喜马拉雅詹姆博冰川时，发现表面冰ora的厚度随着海拔高度降低，而平均消融时的表面冰ora厚度为5 cm，而裸露的冰面积增加了67.0％。当表面膜厚度> 8.5 cm时，冰川消融率随表面厚度的增加而降低[114]。Mattson等。[112]在喜马拉雅地区，拉克希奥特冰川观察实验发现，当冰ora厚度约为1 cm时，冰川消融的量低于最大值。3厘米的表面膜厚称为临界厚度。一些学者发现，当表面膜覆盖的厚度超过2 m时，其基础层的冰川消融基本上就在停滞不前[106 115]。
HMA is located at the confluence of high mountain systems and is characterized by special conditions of geography and topography, spanning north, south, east, and west, allowing the region to form the largest modern glacial area in the low and middle latitudes [ 93 ]. HMA is controlled and influenced by a variety of atmospheric circulations. The southern part is mainly influenced by the Indian monsoon, the western and northwestern parts are mainly influenced by the westerly circulation, the eastern and southeastern parts are mainly influenced by the East Asian monsoon, and the central part is mainly influenced by the continental monsoon [ 94 ]. It is also influenced by the plateau monsoon, which is formed by the different cold and heat sources of the local microcirculation in winter and summer on the Tibetan Plateau. The dominant weather system in the Karakoram Mountains varies from season to season. In winter it is affected by the westerly circulation and cyclonic storms; high winds, low temperatures, and snowfall can occur under the combined effect of the two, and the low-pressure trough is stronger in the winter, which makes precipitation from the westerly circulation water vapor produce the most precipitation in the spring and winter [ 95 96 ]. The summer season is mainly influenced by the Indian monsoon, while the two climate systems mentioned above are also influenced by the thermal low pressure of the Tibetan Plateau [ 97 ].The increase in precipitation in the Karakoram region is due to the strengthening of the westerly circulation, and the increase in precipitation has made the Karakoram region the region with the smallest rate of glacier shrinkage in the whole of HMA.
HMA位于高山系统的汇合处，其特征是地理和地形的特殊条件，跨越了北，南，东和西部，使该地区能够形成低纬度和中纬度地区最大的现代冰川区[93]。HMA受到各种大气环流的控制和影响。南部主要受印度季风的影响，西部和西北部主要受西风循环的影响，东部和东南部主要受东亚季风的影响，中央部分主要受大陆季风的影响[94]。它也受高原季风的影响，高原季风是由藏在藏族高原上冬季和夏季的局部微循环的不同冷和热源形成的。卡拉科姆山脉的主要天气系统因季节而异。在冬季，它受到西风循环和旋风风暴的影响。在两者的综合作用下可能会发生大风，低温和降雪，而低压槽在冬季更强，这使西风循环水蒸气的降水在春季和冬季产生最大的降水量[95 96]。The summer season is mainly influenced by the Indian monsoon, while the two climate systems mentioned above are also influenced by the thermal low pressure of the Tibetan Plateau [ 97 ].The increase in precipitation in the Karakoram region is due to the strengthening of the westerly circulation, and the increase in precipitation has made the Karakoram region the region with the smallest rate of glacier shrinkage in the whole of HMA.
Some scholars have shown that the average annual temperature in HMA has increased by approximately 0.44 °C per decade over the last four decades from 1979 to 2020 [ 85 87 ], a value much higher than the average global temperature warming rate of 0.19 °C per decade [ 2 ]. Li et al. [ 88 ] found that HMA showed a clear upward trend in temperature during 1961–2017, with a warming rate of 0.323 °C (10a). There are obvious seasonal and spatial differences in climate warming in the high mountainous regions of Asia, and Yao et al. [ 89 ] found that the rate of winter warming (0.46 °C) in the high mountainous regions of Asia was almost twice as high as the rate of summer warming (0.26 °C) in a study of the change in temperature from 1960 to 2013. It has also been found that the rate of climate warming in the high mountainous regions of Asia increases with elevation and also increases spatially from south to north [ 87 92 ]. This background of climatic conditions, with low summer temperatures and high precipitation in spring and winter, is one of the main reasons for its anomalies.
一些学者表明，在过去的四十年中，从1979年到2020年，HMA的平均年度温度升高约0.44°C [85 87]，该值远高于每十年的平均平均温度变暖速率[2]。Li等。[88]发现HMA在1961 - 2017年期间显示出温度的清晰趋势，变暖速率为0.323°C（10a）。亚洲高山地区的气候变暖存在明显的季节性和空间差异，Yao等人。[89]发现，在亚洲高山地区的冬季变暖速率（0.46°C）几乎是夏季变暖的速度（0.26°C）的两倍，这是对1960年至2013年的温度变化的变化。还发现，在Asia高山地区的气候变暖速度也增加了高高的高度高高以及北向北增长的距离，并增加了朝鲜的距离。气候条件的这种背景是夏季温度低，春季和冬季的降水量很高，是其异常的主要原因之一。
Temperature and precipitation as key influences affect glacier accumulation and ablation, which together determine the nature, evolution, and development of glaciers [ 82 ]. HMA has experienced rapid warming since the 1980s at rates not seen in the last two millennia [ 1 83 ]. Hewitt et al. [ 84 ], in their study of Karakoram glaciers, found that one third of the annual snowfall was summer snowfall and the other two thirds occurred in winter.
温度和降水作为关键影响会影响冰川的积累和消融，这共同决定了冰川的性质，进化和发展[82]。自1980年代以来，HMA经历了快速变暖，在过去的两千年中没有出现[1 83]。Hewitt等。[84]在对喀拉科姆冰川的研究中，发现年度降雪量的三分之一是夏季降雪，其他三分之二发生在冬季。
Currently, scholars investigating the causes of Karakoram anomalies mainly explain them in terms of climate change sensitivity (temperature and precipitation) and climate change factors, as well as characteristics of the glacier’s own properties. Forsythe et al. [ 79 ], on the study of climatic drivers of glacier mass balance in Karakoram, found that low summer temperatures and summer temperatures below 0 °C were the main influences on glacier anomalies in Karakoram. The average elevation of the glaciers in the Karakoram region is high, and for most of the year precipitation occurs in the form of snowfall, resulting in increased annual accumulation. Scholars have also explored the mechanism of Karakoram glacier anomalies from the perspective of atmospheric circulation and local circulation. Kapnick et al. [ 80 ] found that due to the influence of the westerly winds, which makes the winter precipitation in the Karakoram region higher than the summer precipitation, the winter snowfall shows an increasing trend, which is mainly due to the enhancement of the westerly circulation and the intensity of precipitation, as well as an increase in the frequency of the joint cause, mainly because of the Indian monsoon and the mid-latitude westerly belt interaction complex. Forsythe et al. [ 79 ] proposed that there is a complex and strong local circulation system in the Karakoram region, known as the Karakoram vortex; this vortex comes mainly from the bottom of the convergence of the upper level of the convergence of the anomalous upward motion corresponding to the dispersion, due to the snow and ice cover, resulting in the local circulation system affecting the troposphere atmosphere and the ground atmosphere exchange process. With the Karakoram region glaciers being at higher elevations, the climate conditions are more severe, resulting in less observational data that can be used from stations in the region, and therefore in precipitation trend estimation there still exists a certain degree of uncertainty; in general, most scholars still think that the total precipitation in the Karakoram region is increased. Cannon et al. [ 81 ] found that the main climatic factor for the slowing down of glacier retreat in the Karakoram region is due to the increased precipitation, which alters the glacier radiation conditions, leading to a decrease in net shortwave radiation, which inhibits glacier ablation.
目前，研究喀拉科姆异常的原因的学者主要用气候变化敏感性（温度和降水）和气候变化因子以及冰川自身特性的特征来解释它们。Forsythe等。[79]在研究卡拉科姆（Karakoram）冰川质量平衡的气候驱动因素时，发现低于0°C以下的夏季温度低和夏季温度对karakoram的冰川异常产生了主要影响。卡拉科姆地区冰川的平均海拔高度很高，一年中的大部分时间都以降雪形式出现，导致每年的积累增加。学者们还从大气循环和局部循环的角度探讨了喀拉科姆冰川异常的机制。Kapnick等。[80]发现，由于西风的影响，这使卡拉科姆地区的冬季降水高于夏季的降水量，冬季降雪显示出越来越大的趋势，这主要是由于西北循环的增强和降水强度的增强，以及关节频率的增加，这主要是由于印度尼斯的频率和中层的相互作用而增加。Forsythe等。[79]提出，卡拉科姆地区有一个复杂而强大的局部循环系统，称为karakoram涡流。该涡流主要来自由于雪和冰盖，因此与分散相对应的异常向上运动的收敛的收敛底部，导致影响对流层大气层和地面大气交换过程的局部循环系统。随着卡拉科姆地区冰川处于较高的海拔高度，气候条件更加严重，导致该地区站点可以使用的观察数据较少，因此在降水趋势估计中仍然存在一定程度的不确定性；通常，大多数学者仍然认为卡拉科姆地区的总降水量增加。Cannon等。[81]发现，卡拉科姆地区冰川静修会放慢的主要气候因子是由于降水量增加而导致的，从而改变了冰川辐射条件，从而导致净短波辐射减少，从而抑制了冰川消融。
8. Conclusions and Discussion
8。结论和讨论
In this study, by investigating the phenomenon of the Karakoram anomaly in terms of the area, elevation, and mass balance of the glaciers in HMA and the Karakoram, Kunlun, and Pamir Mountains, where a large number of surging glaciers exist, studying the mechanism of the surge, and by the systematic sorting of studies of Karakoram glacier anomalies in HMA from domestic and foreign scholars, we can draw the following conclusions.
在这项研究中，通过研究Karakoram异常在HMA和Karakoram，Karakoram，Kunlun和Pamir Mountains中冰川的高度和质量平衡方面的现象，在这里存在大量急剧涌动的冰川，从而通过karakarakoram glasoram glacor glacor ancam and anda glace gla glace and grace ancam glace ancmoram gelma glaceoram ancam glieram ance nman gelma glieral nman gelma得出以下结论。
The glacier area in the Karakoram region is weakly decreasing, the glacier elevation thickness is weakly increasing, and there is a stable or weakly positive mass balance. The main reason for this phenomenon is the lower summer temperatures in the region caused by global warming and the higher precipitation in the region in spring and winter under the action of westerly wind circulation. Temperature determines the ablation of glaciers; precipitation determines the accumulation of glaciers; and their combination together determines the nature, development, and evolution of glaciers. At the same time, regarding the hydrological mechanism and the thermal mechanism under the joint action of the Karakorum region, there are a large number of glacial surges caused by this main mechanism. It should be noted that when a glacier surges, its bottom appears to slip, whether forward or backward, and the glacier is in a state of imbalance. However, in this region, due to the mechanism of temperature and precipitation anomalies, the glacier as a whole has a stable or slightly increased mass balance. The combination of these anomalies is referred to as the Karakoram anomaly ( Figure 7 ).
卡拉科姆地区的冰川区域较弱，冰川高度厚度较弱，并且存在稳定或弱的质量平衡。这种现象的主要原因是，在西风循环的作用下，春季和冬季，该地区的夏季温度较低和该地区较高的降水量。温度决定了冰川的消融；降水决定冰川的积累；它们的结合共同决定了冰川的性质，发展和发展。同时，关于卡拉科鲁姆地区联合作用下的水文机制和热机制，这种主要机制引起了大量冰川潮流。应当指出的是，当冰川涌动时，它的底部似乎会滑落，无论是向前还是向后，冰川处于失衡状态。但是，在该区域，由于温度和降水异常的机理，冰川整体具有稳定或略有增加的质量平衡。这些异常的组合称为karakoram异常（图7）。
1. According to the existing literature, statistics have found that, since the 1970s, the Karakoram region appears to have had a weak positive mass balance, the average glacier elevation change rate is an increasing trend, and the glacier area appears to have a weak decrease This phenomenon appears to be mainly due to the influence of the westerly winds, so that, in the Karakoram region in winter, precipitation is higher than in the summer. The snowfall in winter showed an increasing trend compared to the summer, which is mainly due to the Indian monsoon and the interactions of the mid-latitude westerly zone. This results in low summer temperatures and high rainfall in spring and winter in the Karakoram. At the same time, the thinness of the surface moraine will also have an impact on the accumulation and ablation of glaciers.
1。根据现有文献，统计数据发现，自1970年代以来，卡拉科姆地区的正质量平衡较弱，平均冰川高度变化率似乎增加了趋势，并且冰川区域似乎较弱，似乎这一现象似乎主要是由于避免了季后赛的影响。与夏天相比，冬季的降雪趋势越来越高，这主要是由于印度季风和中纬度西风区的相互作用。这会导致夏季和冬季的夏季温度低和降雨量高。同时，地表冰a的薄度也会对冰川的积累和消融产生影响。
2. Through the documentation of the number of surging glaciers in HMA, it was found that there are surging glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains, the Pamir Plateau, the Tien Shan, the Kunlun Mountains, the Himalayas, the Tanggula Mountains, the Qilian Mountains, the Anyemaqen Mountains, the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, the Hindu Kush Mountains, and the inner regions of the Tibetan Plateau. In particular, the number of surging glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains and the Pamir Plateau accounts for more than 70% of the total number of surging glaciers in HMA. It should be noted that when glaciers surge, a single glacier is in a state of disequilibrium, but under the combined effect of temperature and precipitation, the mass balance of the glaciers in the Karakoram region tends to stabilize or have a weakly positive balance.
2。通过有关HMA中涌动冰川数量的记录，发现在卡拉科姆山脉，帕米尔高原，帕山，蒂恩·山，昆拉伦山脉，喜马拉雅山脉，坦格拉山脉，坦格拉山，Qilian山脉，Qilian Mountains，nyainqen山脉，nyaine山脉和nyaine山脉，西藏高原。特别是，卡拉科姆山脉和帕米尔高原的冰川数量占HMA总冰川总数的70％以上。应当指出的是，当冰川涌动时，单个冰川处于不平衡状态，但是在温度和降水的综合作用下，卡拉科姆地区冰川的质量平衡倾向于稳定或具有弱的正平衡。
3. The existence of a large number of surging glaciers can be a serious threat to both humans and nature, so it is particularly important to clarify the mechanism of glacier surging in the Karakoram, Pamir, and Kunlun Mountains. In the Karakoram Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains, surge glaciers are caused mainly by water, heat mechanisms, climatic factors, and topographic conditions, as well as a variety of factors such as common control. Pamir region glacier surging is caused mainly by the thermal mechanism, while in its east and west regions the mechanism is affected differently.
3。存在大量兴奋的冰川可能对人类和自然都有严重的威胁，因此阐明在karakoram，Pamir和Kunlun山脉中冰川飙升的机制尤为重要。在卡拉科姆山脉和昆伦山脉中，电涌冰川主要是由水，热机制，气候因素和地形条件以及多种因素（例如共同控制）引起的。Pamir区域冰川飙升主要是由热机制引起的，而在其东部和西部地区，机理的影响不同。
