【新闻麻辣烫】
以色列这次对叙利亚的"外科手术式打击"可真是忙得很——一边高调扮演德鲁兹人的"护花使者"，一边顺手把叙利亚国防部大楼炸成了露天展厅。德鲁兹商人被绑案引发的部族冲突已导致300人丧生，而以色列的导弹则成功让大马士革电视台主播完成了职业生涯最真实的"现场逃生直播"。美国国务卿卢比奥的"今晚结束冲突"承诺，听起来比外卖小哥的"五分钟送达"还不靠谱。至于叙利亚新领导人、前圣战分子沙拉的"保护少数族裔"誓言，在漫天炮火中显得格外黑色幽默。
---
**Who are the Druze and why is Israel attacking Syria?**
**德鲁兹人是谁？以色列为何袭击叙利亚？**
**59 minutes ago Share Save Tess Malliner Heron BBC Monitoring Share Save**
59分钟前 泰丝·马利纳·赫伦 BBC监测报道
**Getty Images**
盖蒂图片社
**A fresh wave of deadly sectarian violence has rocked Syria, putting into focus the country's fragile security landscape as the new government attempts to impose its authority over the fractured territory.**
新一轮致命的教派暴力冲突震撼叙利亚，凸显该国脆弱的安全局势。新政府正试图对这片四分五裂的土地施加控制。
**On Sunday 13 July, the reported abduction of a merchant from the Druze minority sparked days of deadly clashes between Druze militias and Sunni Bedouin fighters in southern Syria.**
7月13日周日，德鲁兹少数族裔一名商人遭绑架的报道，引发叙利亚南部德鲁兹民兵与逊尼派贝都因武装分子数日的血腥冲突。
**Later on Tuesday 15 July, Israel intervened militarily, saying its forces were seeking to protect the Druze and to eliminate pro-government forces accused of attacking them in Suweida.**
7月15日周二，以色列军事介入，称其部队旨在保护德鲁兹人，并消灭被指控在苏韦达袭击他们的亲政府武装。
**At least 300 people are reported to have been killed in Suweida since Sunday, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.**
叙利亚人权观察组织称，自周日以来苏韦达地区至少300人丧生。
**The violence is the first in the Druze-majority province of Suweida since fighting in April and May between Druze fighters and Syria's new security forces killed dozens of people.**
这是苏韦达省自4月和5月德鲁兹武装与叙利亚新安全部队冲突致数十人死亡后，首次爆发大规模暴力事件。
**Prior to this, clashes in Syria's coastal provinces in March were said to have killed hundreds of members of the Alawite minority, to which former ruler Bashar al-Assad belongs.**
此前，3月叙利亚沿海省份的冲突据称导致数百名阿拉维派少数族裔死亡——前统治者巴沙尔·阿萨德便属于该派别。
**The deadly unrest, along with the violent Israeli strikes, have re-ignited fears of a security breakdown in Syria, as the country grapples with the fallout from over a decade of civil war, and the recent Islamist-led rebel takeover of Damascus in December 2024.**
致命骚乱与以色列的暴力空袭重新点燃了对叙利亚安全崩溃的担忧。该国正艰难应对十余年内战余波，以及2024年12月伊斯兰主义领导的反叛势力夺取大马士革的控制权。
**Syria's current leader, former jihadist Ahmed al-Sharaa, has vowed to protect Syria's minorities.**
叙利亚现任领导人、前圣战分子艾哈迈德·沙拉誓言保护该国少数族裔。
---
**Who are the Druze?**
**德鲁兹人是谁？**
**The Druze are an Arabic-speaking ethno-religious minority in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the occupied Golan Heights.**
德鲁兹人是叙利亚、黎巴嫩、以色列及被占领的戈兰高地中讲阿拉伯语的民族宗教少数群体。
**The Druze faith is an offshoot of Shia Islam with its own unique identity and beliefs.**
德鲁兹信仰是伊斯兰教什叶派的分支，具有独特身份和教义。
**Half of its roughly one million followers live in Syria, where they make up about 3% of the population.**
其约100万信徒中半数居住在叙利亚，约占该国人口3%。
**The Druze community in Israel is largely considered to be loyal to the Israeli state, owing to its members' participation in military service.**
以色列的德鲁兹社群因成员服兵役而被普遍认为效忠以色列。
**There are some 152,000 Druze people living in Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, according to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics.**
以色列中央统计局数据显示，约15.2万德鲁兹人生活在以色列及以占戈兰高地。
**They have historically occupied a precarious position in Syria's political order.**
历史上他们在叙利亚政治秩序中处于不稳定地位。
**During Syria's almost 14-year civil war, the Druze operated their own militias in southern Syria.**
在叙利亚近14年内战中，德鲁兹人在南部运营自己的民兵组织。
**Since the fall of Assad in December, the Druze have resisted state attempts to impose authority over southern Syria.**
自去年12月阿萨德倒台后，德鲁兹人抵制国家在叙利亚南部施加权威的企图。
**While the Druze factions in Syria are divided in their approach to the new authorities, ranging from caution to outright rejection, many object to official Syrian security presence in Suweida and have resisted integration into the Syrian army - relying instead on local militias.**
尽管叙利亚德鲁兹派系对新政权态度分化（从谨慎到彻底拒绝），但多数反对叙利亚官方安全力量进驻苏韦达，并拒绝整编入叙利亚军队，转而依赖地方民兵。
---
**Despite the Syrian government condemning the recent attacks on Druze people and vowing to restore order in southern Syria, its forces have also been accused of attacking the minority - with the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) war monitor documenting"summary executions" of Druze people by government forces.**
尽管叙利亚政府谴责近期对德鲁兹人的袭击并誓言恢复南部秩序，其部队亦被指控攻击该少数群体——总部位于英国的叙利亚人权观察组织记录到政府军"即决处决"德鲁兹人事件。
**Such reports have fuelled mistrust among some members of the Druze community towards the authorities in Damascus.**
此类报道加剧了部分德鲁兹社群对大马士革当局的不信任。
**After Assad's sudden fall, Israel has been reaching out to the Druze community near its northern border in a bid to forge alliances with Syria's minorities.**
阿萨德突然倒台后，以色列一直接触北部边境附近的德鲁兹社群，试图与叙利亚少数族裔结盟。
**It has increasingly positioned itself as a regional protector of minorities, including the Kurds, Druze and Alawites in Syria, while attacking military sites in Syria and government forces.**
该国日益将自己定位为地区少数族裔保护者（包括叙利亚库尔德人、德鲁兹人和阿拉维派），同时袭击叙利亚军事设施和政府军。
**During the sectarian clashes in May, Israel carried out strikes near the presidential palace in Damascus, saying it was a warning against attacks on the Druze.**
5月教派冲突期间，以色列对大马士革总统府附近实施打击，称此为对袭击德鲁兹人的警告。
**However, some Druze figures in Syria and Lebanon have accused Israel of stoking sectarian divisions to advance its own expansionist aspirations in the region.**
但叙利亚和黎巴嫩部分德鲁兹人士指控以色列煽动教派分裂，以推进其在该地区的扩张主义野心。
---
**Why is Israel attacking Syria now?**
**以色列为何此时袭击叙利亚？**
**The most recent strikes have primarily acted as a warning and a deterrent against the Syrian army deploying to southern Syria, with Israel seeking to create a demilitarised zone in the area.**
近期空袭主要作为对叙利亚军队部署南部的警告和威慑，以色列试图在该地区建立非军事区。
**In particular, Israel fears the presence of Islamist fighters near its northern border, along the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.**
以色列尤其担忧伊斯兰武装分子在其北部边境（沿以占戈兰高地）的存在。
**While the Israeli air strikes on 15 July were limited to targeting security forces and vehicles in Suweida, the Israeli military expanded the scope of its attacks on 16 July, striking the Ministry of Defence and the Syrian army headquarters in Damascus.**
尽管7月15日以军空袭仅针对苏韦达安全部队和车辆，7月16日其扩大攻击范围，打击了大马士革的国防部和叙利亚军队总部。
**Syria has condemned the attacks.**
叙利亚谴责了这些袭击。
**The strikes represented the most serious Israeli escalation in Syria since December 2024, when it obliterated hundreds of military sites across the country and seized a UN-patrolled buffer zone in the Syrian Golan Heights.**
此次空袭是自2024年12月以来以色列在叙利亚最严重的升级行动——当时以军摧毁全国数百个军事地点，并夺取叙利亚戈兰高地由联合国巡逻的缓冲区。
**Israel has struck Syria multiple times, with the intention of preventing the new authorities from building its military capacities - viewed as a potential threat to Israeli security.**
以色列多次袭击叙利亚，旨在阻止新政权建设军事能力（视其为对以色列安全的潜在威胁）。
**"The warnings in Damascus have ended - now painful blows will come," Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz wrote on social media on 16 July, shortly after Israeli strikes on Damascus began.**
"大马士革的警告已结束——现在将迎来痛苦打击，"以色列外长卡茨7月16日以军空袭大马士革后不久在社交媒体发文称。
**The targeting of the Syrian military headquarters was broadcast live by the leading Syria TV channel, from its studios located across from the building - with the presenter captured on air fleeing the studio.**
叙利亚主要电视台从其正对军事总部的演播室直播了该建筑遭袭画面——主持人被拍到在直播中逃离演播室。
---
**Watch: How a day of bombing unfolded in Damascus**
**视频：大马士革轰炸日纪实**
**How has the rest of the world reacted?**
**国际社会作何反应？**
**The US Secretary of State Marco Rubio has said the US was"very concerned" about the violence and announced on 16 July:"We have agreed on specific steps that will bring this troubling and horrifying situation to an end tonight."**
美国国务卿卢比奥表示对暴力事件"深感担忧"，并于7月16日宣布："我们已商定具体措施，今晚将结束这令人不安和恐惧的局面。"
**Several Arab states, including Lebanon, Iraq, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt, and Kuwait, have condemned the Israeli strikes targeting Syrian government and security forces.**
黎巴嫩、伊拉克、卡塔尔、约旦、埃及和科威特等阿拉伯国家谴责以军针对叙利亚政府和安全部队的打击。
**Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry denounced what it described as"Israel's blatant attacks" on Syria, while Iran described the attacks as"all too predictable".**
沙特外交部谴责其所谓"以色列对叙利亚的公然袭击"，伊朗则称这些袭击"完全在意料之中"。
**Turkey, a key stakeholder in post-Assad Syria, described the strikes as"an act of sabotage against Syria's efforts to secure peace, stability and security".**
作为后阿萨德时代叙利亚关键利益方的土耳其，称空袭是"破坏叙利亚争取和平、稳定与安全的行动"。
**UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres also condemned Israel's"escalatory" strikes in Suweida and Damascus.**
联合国秘书长古特雷斯也谴责以色列在苏韦达和大马士革的"升级性"打击。
---
**What could happen next?**
**后续可能如何发展？**
（注：原文此处无具体内容，可根据需要补充分析）
