【石油与血泪：苏丹内战新前线】苏丹内战迎来"石油争夺战"新阶段！政府军与快速支援部队在产油大省科尔多凡展开激烈争夺，这场"谁控制石油谁就控制国家"的战役已造成数百平民死亡。讽刺的是，这场始于2021年政变盟友反目的内战，如今双方都声称要"解放"这片土地——尽管他们的飞机和大炮正在摧毁当地社区。更戏剧性的是，连邻国南苏丹都坐不住了，毕竟该国出口石油必须经过科尔多凡的管道。网友神评："这就像两个强盗在油罐车上打架，还声称要保护油罐安全"！
Oil-rich Sudanese region becomes new focus of war between army and rival forces
苏丹产油区成为政府军与敌对武装力量战争新焦点
1 day ago Share Save Anne Soy BBC Senior Africa Correspondent Share Save
（1天前 安妮·索伊 BBC非洲高级记者）
Avaaz via Getty Images
（Avaaz通过盖蒂图片社）
Sudan's oil-rich Kordofan region has turned into a major front line in the war between the army and rival paramilitary forces, as both sides try to gain the upper-hand in a conflict that has devastated the vast African state for more than two years. Attacks that killed hundreds of civilians earlier this month have shifted attention to the battle for this part of the country."Whoever controls Kordofan effectively controls the country's oil supply, as well as a huge chunk of Sudan," Amir Amin, an analyst with risk consultancy Oasis Policy Advisory, told the BBC. The region is also vital for landlocked South Sudan, as its oil flows through pipelines in Kordofan, before being exported. So, it has a vested interest in Kordofan's stability. However, the battle for the region - which is made up three states, with a population of close to eight million - has intensified since June, when the army focused on regaining the territory from the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) after it made significant gains in the preceding three months, recapturing the capital, Khartoum, and neighbouring Gezira state, the agricultural hub of Sudan.
苏丹产油丰富的科尔多凡地区已成为政府军与敌对准军事力量战争的主要前线，双方在这场已持续两年多的冲突中都试图占据上风。本月早些时候造成数百名平民死亡的袭击事件将注意力转向该地区的争夺战。"谁控制了科尔多凡，谁就实际控制了苏丹的石油供应和大部分领土，"风险咨询公司Oasis Policy Advisory的分析师阿米尔·阿明告诉BBC。该地区对内陆国家南苏丹也至关重要，因为其石油需经科尔多凡的管道出口。因此，南苏丹对科尔多凡的稳定有着既得利益。然而，自6月以来，该地区（由三个州组成，人口近800万）的战斗加剧，当时政府军在收复首都喀土穆和农业中心杰济拉州后，集中力量从快速支援部队（RSF）手中夺回该地区。
Avaaz via Getty Images Much of the capital, Khartoum - now in the hands of the army - lies in ruins after months of fighting
（Avaaz通过盖蒂图片社 经过数月战斗，现由政府军控制的喀土穆大部分地区已成废墟）
Sudan's military leader Gen Abdel Fattah al-Burhan flew into Khartoum's main airport on 20 July, his second visit to the city since his troops drove out RSF fighters in March. Gen Burhan remains based in the eastern city of Port Sudan, suggesting that he is still not confident to return permanently to Khartoum, now a burnt-out wreck.
苏丹军事领导人阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布尔汉将军于7月20日飞抵喀土穆主要机场，这是他自3月部队驱逐快速支援部队战士以来第二次访问该市。布尔汉将军仍驻扎在东部城市苏丹港，这表明他对永久返回已成废墟的喀土穆仍缺乏信心。
The conflict has claimed the lives of about 150,000 people and forced about 12 million others from their homes - roughly the equivalent of the population of Tunisia or Belgium. The RSF had seized Khartoum soon after the war started in April 2023, following a massive fall-out between Gen Burhan and his then-ally, the paramilitary group's commander, Gen Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, better known as"Hemedti". The RSF helped Burhan stage a coup in 2021 and crush dissent until they turned on each other after Gen Dagalo resisted his plan to integrate the paramilitary force into the army.
这场冲突已夺去约15万人的生命，并迫使约1200万人逃离家园——大约相当于突尼斯或比利时的人口。快速支援部队在2023年4月战争开始后不久就占领了喀土穆，此前布尔汉将军与其当时的盟友、准军事组织指挥官穆罕默德·哈姆丹·达加洛将军（更广为人知的名字是"赫梅蒂"）关系破裂。快速支援部队曾帮助布尔汉在2021年发动政变并镇压异议，直到达加洛将军拒绝将其准军事部队并入军队的计划后双方反目。
International Crisis Group think-tank analyst Alan Boswell told the BBC that the army now wanted to defeat the RSF in Kordofan so that it could push westwards into Darfur - the paramilitary group's birthplace. On the other hand, the RSF wanted to seize Kordofan as it would give it"new momentum" and put it"within striking distance of central Sudan, including the capital, again", Mr Boswell said. Dr Suliman Baldo, the director of Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker think-tank, told the BBC that he doubted the army could break through RSF defence lines in Kordofan. He said the majority of RSF fighters were from the large Misseriya ethnic group living in West Kordofan state, which borders Darfur,"and therefore they will be fighting to protect their own communities". Airstrikes earlier this month by the army in West Kordofan - including its capital, el-Fula, and the town of Abu Zabad - have also antagonised local people, he said, adding that it was a"counterproductive policy of collective punishment of the so-called social incubators" of the RSF. The army still controls oil fields in the region, but the RSF had threatened to expand the war to oil-producing Heglig in South Kordofan, near the border with South Sudan, if the air bombardment did not stop.
国际危机组织智库分析师艾伦·博斯韦尔告诉BBC，政府军现在希望在科尔多凡击败快速支援部队，以便向西推进到达尔富尔——准军事组织的发源地。另一方面，快速支援部队希望夺取科尔多凡，这将给它"新的动力"，并使其"再次进入包括首都苏丹中部在内的打击范围"，博斯韦尔说。苏丹透明度和政策追踪智库主任苏莱曼·巴尔多博士告诉BBC，他怀疑政府军能否突破快速支援部队在科尔多凡的防线。他说，快速支援部队的大多数战士来自生活在与达尔富尔接壤的西科尔多凡州的大型Misseriya族群，"因此他们将为自己的社区而战"。他说，本月早些时候政府军对西科尔多凡（包括其首府El-Fula和Abu Zabad镇）的空袭也激怒了当地人，并补充说这是"对快速支援部队所谓社会孵化器进行集体惩罚的适得其反的政策"。政府军仍控制着该地区的油田，但快速支援部队威胁说，如果空袭不停止，将把战争扩大到靠近南苏丹边境的南科尔多凡产油区Heglig。
"If the army's aviation returns again and bombs citizens in West Kordofan state, we will strike and shut down Heglig's oil and kill the engineers," Youssef Awadallah Aliyan, the head of the RSF's civilian administration in the state, was quoted as saying by the Sudan Tribune news site after visiting the market hit by airstrikes in el-Fula. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Ocha) said the strikes on el-Fula and Abu Zabad, including on a school sheltering families, reportedly killed more than 20 people. Ocha condemned the attacks, saying that civilians and civilian buildings - including schools, homes, and shelters - should"never be targeted", and warring groups should uphold international humanitarian law. The RSF has also been accused of targeting civilians. The UN children's agency (Unicef) said more than 450 civilians - including 24 boys, 11 girls and two pregnant women - were reportedly killed in recent attacks in North Kordofan's Bara area and the villages of Shag Alnom and Hilat Hamid."These attacks are an outrage," the agency said, adding that"they represent a terrifying escalation of violence" and a"complete disregard for human life".
"如果政府军航空兵再次轰炸西科尔多凡州的公民，我们将袭击并关闭Heglig的石油设施并杀死工程师，"快速支援部队在该州的文职行政长官优素福·阿瓦达拉·阿里扬在访问El-Fula遭空袭的市场后对《苏丹论坛报》新闻网站说。联合国人道主义事务协调办公室（Ocha）表示，据报道，对El-Fula和Abu Zabad的空袭（包括对一所庇护家庭的学校的空袭）造成20多人死亡。Ocha谴责这些袭击，称平民和民用建筑（包括学校、住宅和避难所）应"永远不被作为目标"，交战各方应遵守国际人道主义法。快速支援部队也被指控以平民为目标。联合国儿童基金会（Unicef）表示，据报道，在北科尔多凡的Bara地区以及Shag Alnom和Hilat Hamid村最近的袭击中，有450多名平民（包括24名男孩、11名女孩和2名孕妇）丧生。"这些袭击令人愤慨，"该机构说，并补充说"它们代表了令人恐惧的暴力升级"和"对人类生命的完全漠视"。
AFP via Getty Images Millions have fled their homes in Sudan during the course of the war and many have ended up in camps in neighbouring countries such as the Central African Republic
（法新社通过盖蒂图片社 战争期间数百万苏丹人逃离家园，许多人最终流落到中非共和国等邻国的难民营）
The US-based Yale Humanitarian Research Lab, which has been monitoring the conflict, said that an analysis of satellite images of Shag Alnom was"indicative of intentional arson attacks". The Emergency Lawyers rights group said that many of the more than 200 victims"were burned to death in their homes or shot". Fears are growing that the civilian death toll could worsen following reports that the RSF is mobilising for an offensive to capture el-Obeid, the capital of North Kordofan state. The town of Umm Sumaima has changed hands several times in recent weeks."It is the last defence post for the Sudan Armed Forces before el-Obeid," Dr Baldo said. Mr Amin said that taking control of Umm Sumaima would allow the RSF to besiege the military, which has a base in el-Obeid, while the army wanted to break through to create a new supply route to rearm its soldiers in other parts of Kordofan. With the stakes high, the battle for Kordofan - which covers some 390,000 sq km ( 150,000 sq miles) - is expected to be long and protracted."Whether or not it will decide the victor of the war is up for debate, but it definitely will be a seismic shift," Mr Amin said.
总部位于美国的耶鲁人道主义研究实验室（一直在监测这场冲突）表示，对Shag Alnom卫星图像的分析"表明存在故意纵火袭击"。紧急律师权利组织表示，200多名受害者中许多人"在家中烧死或被枪杀"。有报道称，快速支援部队正在动员进攻北科尔多凡州首府El-Obeid，人们越来越担心平民死亡人数可能会恶化。Umm Sumaima镇最近几周多次易手。"这是苏丹武装部队在El-Obeid之前的最后一个防御据点，"巴尔多博士说。阿明先生说，控制Umm Sumaima将使快速支援部队能够包围在El-Obeid有基地的政府军，而政府军希望突破以建立一条新的补给路线，为科尔多凡其他地区的士兵重新武装。由于利害关系重大，科尔多凡（面积约39万平方公里）的战斗预计将是长期而持久的。"这是否会决定战争的胜利者还有待商榷，但这绝对将是一场地震式的转变，"阿明先生说。
