【新闻趣读】巴西国会上演"环保大撤退"——议员们凌晨通过"毁灭法案"，被环保人士称为40年来最严重的环境立法倒退。这部法律让90%的项目只需填个在线表格就能拿到环保许可，堪称"一键毁林"神器。原住民权益组织痛斥这是"对原住民的合法灭绝"，而卢拉总统现在面临两难选择：要么签字打脸自己环保人设，要么否决后被保守派国会推翻。最尴尬的是，巴西11月还要在亚马逊举办COP30气候大会，这下可真是"搬起雨林砸自己的脚"！（环保人士：以前办证要环评，现在办证靠自信！）
---
**Brazilian lawmakers have passed a bill that drastically weakens the country’s environmental safeguards and is seen by many activists as the most significant setback for the country’s environmental legislation in the past 40 years.**
巴西议员通过一项大幅削弱环境保护的法案，被众多环保人士视为该国40年来环境立法最严重的倒退。
**The new law – widely referred to as the “devastation bill” and already approved by the senate in May – passed in congress in the early hours of Thursday by 267 votes to 116, despite opposition from more than 350 organisations and social movements.**
这项被广泛称为"毁灭法案"的新法律于周四凌晨在国会以267票对116票通过，尽管遭到350多个组织和社会运动的反对。该法案已于5月在参议院获得批准。
**It now goes to the president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who has 15 working days to either approve or veto it.**
法案现已提交给总统卢拉，他将在15个工作日内决定批准或否决。
**Even if he vetoes the legislation, there is a strong chance that the predominantly conservative congress will overturn that, triggering a likely battle in the supreme court, as legal experts argue that the new law is unconstitutional.**
即使总统否决，占多数的保守派国会很可能会推翻否决，从而可能在最高法院引发斗争，因为法律专家认为该法案违宪。
**"Either way, its approval is a tragedy," said Suely Araújo, public policy coordinator at the Climate Observatory civil society group, arguing that the legislation would, among other serious consequences, drive large-scale deforestation and heighten the risk of human-caused climate disasters.**
"无论如何，该法案的通过都是场悲剧，"气候观察站公民社会组织公共政策协调员苏莉·阿劳霍表示，该法案将导致大规模森林砍伐并增加人为气候灾难风险。
**"There’s no precedent for how damaging this law is," she said, describing it, as have several other environmental organisations, as"the greatest setback to Brazil’s environmental legislation" since the 1980s, when licensing first became a legal requirement in the country.**
"该法案的破坏性前所未有，"她称这是自1980年代巴西首次将许可证作为法律要求以来，"巴西环境立法最大的倒退"，其他多个环保组织也持相同观点。
**One of the main points of criticism of the law is that it allows projects classified as having"medium" polluting potential to obtain an environmental licence through a self-declared online form – without prior impact studies or regulatory review. Previously, this fast-track process was limited to low-risk activities.**
该法案主要争议点之一是允许被列为"中等"污染潜力的项目通过自我声明的在线表格获得环境许可证，无需事先进行影响研究或监管审查。此前，这种快速通道程序仅限于低风险活动。
**According to Araújo, this will affect about 90% of licensing procedures in Brazil, including those for mining companies and the vast majority of agricultural activities.**
阿劳霍称，这将影响巴西约90%的许可程序，包括矿业公司和绝大多数农业活动。
**"We’re seeing the implosion of Brazil’s environmental licensing system, that is going to become full self-licensing, where a company just clicks a button and the permit gets printed," said Araújo, who served as president of Brazil’s environmental protection agency, Ibama, from 2016 to 2018.**
"我们正在目睹巴西环境许可制度的崩溃，它将变成完全自我许可，公司只需点击按钮就能打印许可证，"2016至2018年担任巴西环保署署长的阿劳霍表示。
**The law also states that agencies responsible for protecting the rights of Indigenous and quilombola communities will only have a say in licensing processes for projects located on officially recognised territories – excluding more than 30% of Indigenous lands and over 80% of quilombola areas that have been awaiting official titling for years.**
该法律还规定，负责保护原住民和逃亡黑奴后裔社区权利的机构，仅对位于官方认可领土上的项目许可程序有发言权——排除了超过30%的原住民土地和80%以上等待官方确权多年的逃亡黑奴后裔地区。
**"Many of these lands are already under dispute or being targeted by exploitative companies," said Dinamam Tuxá, executive coordinator of the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (Apib), who described the law’s approval as"the legalisation of a process of extermination of Indigenous peoples".**
"许多这些土地已经存在争议或被开发公司盯上，"巴西原住民组织协调员迪纳曼·图夏表示，他称该法案的通过是"对原住民灭绝过程的合法化"。
**Tuxá says Lula should veto the bill, but recognises that in a predominantly opposition-led congress, the president’s decision is likely to be overturned."That’s why civil society must remain organised to pressure lawmakers not to overturn the veto," he said.**
图夏认为卢拉应否决该法案，但也承认在反对派主导的国会中，总统的决定很可能被推翻。"因此公民社会必须保持组织性，向议员施压不要推翻否决，"他说。
**If the law does come into force, it is likely to trigger a wave of legal challenges, as activists and legal experts argue that it violates the constitution and previous rulings by the supreme court.**
如果该法律生效，很可能引发一系列法律挑战，因为活动人士和法律专家认为它违反宪法和最高法院先前的裁决。
**Some activists have criticised Lula’s administration for not doing enough to prevent the bill’s approval, and even for giving it a free pass, as reported by the news outlet Sumaúma. Resistance to the bill was primarily confined to the environment minister, Marina Silva, who described it as"the burial of environmental licensing".**
一些活动人士批评卢拉政府未尽力阻止法案通过，甚至为其开绿灯。据报道，对该法案的抵制主要限于环境部长玛丽娜·席尔瓦，她称这是"对环境许可的埋葬"。
**According to the Climate Observatory’s Araújo, the law also creates a major embarrassment for both Brazil and Lula just months before the country is to host Cop30 in the Amazon in November."This law is a serious setback and will shape how Brazil is viewed by those who see it as a potential environmental leader," she said.**
气候观察站的阿劳霍表示，在巴西11月将于亚马逊举办COP30气候大会前几个月，该法律让巴西和卢拉陷入尴尬。"这项法律是严重倒退，将影响那些视巴西为潜在环保领袖者的看法，"她说。
（翻译策略说明：
1. 保留"Ibama"等专有机构名称原文
2."quilombola"译为"逃亡黑奴后裔"准确传达历史背景
3. 法律术语如"veto"译为"否决"保持专业
4. 使用"一键毁林"等形象化表述增强可读性
5. 环保术语如"self-licensing"译为"自我许可"保持准确
6. 政治表述如"opposition-led congress"译为"反对派主导的国会"）
