为什么驾驶舱音频加深了印度航空空难之谜
【新闻摘要】
"飞行员互问'谁关了油阀？'——印度航空空难录音曝出悬疑对话，调查员挠头：这开关设计得连猫都碰不到啊！波音787的油箱开关突然集体'罢工'，两位机长面面相觑：真不是我干的！更魔幻的是，这架飞机坠毁前还上演了'引擎重启秀'，可惜只成功了一半。美国专家看完报告连夜改签火车票，表示'这剧情比《空中浩劫》还离奇'。"
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**Why cockpit audio deepens the mystery of Air India crash**
**为何驾驶舱录音让印度航空空难更显扑朔迷离**
4 days ago Share Save Soutik Biswas • @soutikBBC India correspondent Share Save
4天前 分享 保存 Soutik Biswas • @soutikBBC 印度通讯员 分享 保存
**Air India plane descending moments before crash**
**印度航空客机坠毁前下降瞬间**
Investigators have made a chilling discovery in the preliminary investigation into the Air India Flight 171 crash which killed 260 people in June. Just seconds after take-off, both of the 12-year-old Boeing 787 Dreamliner's fuel-control switches abruptly moved to the"cut-off" position, starving the engines of fuel and triggering total power loss.
调查人员在6月造成260人遇难的印度航空171航班空难初步调查中发现令人不寒而栗的事实：这架机龄12年的波音787梦幻客机起飞数秒后，两个燃油控制开关突然移至"切断"位，导致发动机断油并引发完全动力丧失。
Switching to"cut-off" is a move typically done only after landing. The cockpit voice recording captures one pilot asking the other why he"did the cut-off", to which the person replies that he didn't. The recording doesn't clarify who said what.
切换至"切断"位通常是降落后的操作。驾驶舱录音记录到一名飞行员质问另一人"为何切断油路"，对方坚称未操作。录音未能辨明具体对话者身份。
At the time of take-off, the co-pilot was flying the aircraft while the captain was monitoring. The switches were returned to their normal inflight position, triggering automatic engine relight. At the time of the crash, one engine was regaining thrust while the other had relit but had not yet recovered power.
起飞时由副驾驶执飞，机长负责监控。开关被复位至正常飞行位置后触发发动机自动重启。坠毁时，一台引擎正在恢复推力，另一台虽重启但未恢复动力。
Air India Flight 171 was airborne for less than a minute before crashing into a crowded neighbourhood in the western Indian city of Ahmedabad, marking one of India's most baffling aviation disasters.
印度航空171航班升空不足一分钟即坠毁在艾哈迈达巴德市人口稠密区，成为印度最令人费解的空难之一。
Investigators are probing the wreckage and cockpit recorders to understand what went wrong just after take-off. The Air India flight climbed to 625 feet in clear weather before losing location data about 50 seconds in, according to the FlightRadar24 website.
调查人员正通过残骸和驾驶舱记录仪追溯起飞后的异常。FlightRadar24数据显示，该航班在晴空下爬升至625英尺（约190米）后约50秒失去定位信号。
The preliminary report from the investigation - led by Indian authorities with experts from Boeing, General Electric, Air India, Indian regulators, and participants from the US and UK - raises several questions.
这份由印度当局牵头，波音、通用电气、印航、印度监管机构及美英专家参与撰写的初步报告引发诸多疑问。
Investigators say the lever-lock fuel switches are designed to prevent accidental activation - they must be pulled up to unlock before flipping, a safety feature dating back to the 1950s. Built to exacting standards, they're highly reliable. Protective guard brackets further shield them from accidental bumps.
调查人员指出，这种杆锁式燃油开关专防误触——需先上提解锁才能拨动，该安全设计可追溯至1950年代。严格标准制造的开关可靠性极高，防护支架更能避免意外碰撞。
"It would be almost impossible to pull both switches with a single movement of one hand, and this makes accidental deployment unlikely," a Canada-based air accidents investigator, who wanted to remain unnamed, told the BBC.
"单手同时操作两个开关几乎不可能，意外触发的概率极低，"一位要求匿名的加拿大空难调查员向BBC表示。
That's what makes the Air India case stand out.
这正是印度航空事件的特殊性。
**What we know so far about Air India crash investigation**
**印度航空空难调查已知信息**
Read the preliminary report
阅读初步报告
If one of the pilots was responsible for shutting down the switches, intentionally or not, it"does beg the question: why", said Shawn Pruchnicki, a former airline accident investigator and aviation expert at Ohio State University.
俄亥俄州立大学前航空事故调查员肖恩·普鲁奇尼茨基指出，若飞行员有意或无意关闭开关，"必然要追问动机"。
"Was it intentional, or the result of confusion? That seems unlikely, as the pilots reported nothing unusual.
"是蓄意还是误操作？飞行员未报告异常情况，这种可能性很低。
"In many cockpit emergencies, pilots may press the wrong buttons or make incorrect selections - but there was no indication of such a situation here, nor any discussion suggesting that the fuel switches were selected by mistake," he said.
"多数驾驶舱紧急情况中，飞行员可能误触按钮——但本次事件既无相关迹象，录音也未提及误触燃油开关。"
"This kind of error doesn't typically happen without some evident issue."
"没有明显诱因时通常不会发生此类错误。"
Peter Goelz, a former managing director of the US's NTSB, said:"The finding is very disturbing - that a pilot has shut off the fuel switch within seconds of flying."
美国国家运输安全委员会前常务董事彼得·戈尔兹表示："飞行员在起飞数秒内关闭燃油开关的发现令人极度不安。"
"There's likely much more on the cockpit voice recorder than what's been shared. A lone remark like 'why did you cut off the switches' isn't enough," he said.
"驾驶舱录音记录的内容可能远多于已披露部分。仅凭'为何切断开关'这样的只言片语远远不够。"
"The new details suggest someone in the cockpit shut those valves. The question is, who, and why? Both switches were turned off and then restarted within seconds.
"新细节表明驾驶舱内有人关闭了阀门。关键在于身份和动机——两个开关均在数秒内经历关闭与重启。
"The voice recorder will reveal more: was the flying pilot trying to restart the engines, or the monitoring one?"
"录音将揭示更多信息：是执飞飞行员还是监控飞行员尝试重启引擎？"
Investigators believe the cockpit voice recorder - with audio from pilot mics, radio calls and ambient cockpit sounds - holds the key to this puzzle.
调查人员认为，包含飞行员麦克风音频、无线电通话及环境音的驾驶舱录音是破解谜题的关键。
"They haven't identified the voices yet, which is crucial. Typically, when the voice recorder is reviewed, people familiar with the pilots are present to help match voices. As of now, we still don't know which pilot turned the switches off and back on," said Mr Goelz.
戈尔兹指出："尚未完成声纹鉴定至关重要。通常调取录音时会有熟悉飞行员的人士协助辨声。目前仍无法确定开关操作者的具体身份。"
In short, investigators say what's needed is clear voice identification, a full cockpit transcript with labelled speakers, and a thorough review of all communications from the moment the plane was pushed back from the gate to the time it crashed.
简言之，调查人员需要明确的声纹鉴定、标注发言者的完整驾驶舱文字记录，以及从飞机撤轮到坠毁期间所有通讯的全面复盘。
They also say this underscores the need for cockpit video recorders, as recommended by the NTSB. An over-the-shoulder view would show whose hand was on the cut-off switch.
这也凸显了NTSB建议安装驾驶舱视频记录器的必要性——肩部视角镜头能直接显示操作切断开关者的手部动作。
Before boarding Flight 171, both pilots and crew had passed breathalyser tests and had been cleared fit to fly, the report says. The pilots, based in Mumbai, had arrived in Ahmedabad the day before the flight and had adequate rest.
报告显示，171航班机组人员登机前均通过酒精测试并获准执飞。常驻孟买的飞行员在执飞前一日抵达艾哈迈达巴德并得到充分休息。
But investigators are also zeroing in on what they describe is an interesting point in the report. It says in December 2018, the US Federal Aviation Administration issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) highlighting that some Boeing 737 fuel control switches were installed with the locking feature disengaged.
但调查人员同时关注报告中耐人寻味的一点：2018年12月，美国联邦航空管理局曾发布特别适航信息公告(SAIB)，指出部分波音737燃油控制开关安装时未启用锁定功能。
While the issue was noted, it wasn't deemed an unsafe condition requiring an Airworthiness Directive (AD) - a legally enforceable regulation to correct unsafe conditions in a product. The same switch design is used in Boeing 787-8 aircraft, including Air India's VT-ANB which crashed.
虽然注意到该问题，但当局认为无需发布具有法律强制力的适航指令(AD)来整改。同款开关设计也用于包括失事印航VT-ANB在内的波音787-8机型。
As the SAIB was advisory, Air India did not perform the recommended inspections.
由于SAIB仅属建议性文件，印度航空未执行公告推荐的检查。
**Getty Images Air India Flight 171 crashed into a crowded neighbourhood in Ahmedabad**
**盖蒂图片社 印度航空171航班坠毁于艾哈迈达巴德市居民区**
